I-United States imaphakathi neNyakatho Melika, izungezwe iCanada enyakatho, iMexico eningizimu, i-Atlantic Ocean ngasempumalanga, noLwandlekazi iPacific ngasentshonalanga. Indawo ewumhlaba ingamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyisi-9.37, futhi amathafa angaphansi kwamamitha angama-500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle athatha amaphesenti angama-55 wendawo; umhlaba olinywayo ungaphezu kwamabhiliyoni angu-2.8 mu, okungaphezu kuka-20% wendawo yonke kanye ne-13% yendawo yonke yomhlaba wonke elinywayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kuka-70% womhlaba olimekayo ugxile emathafeni amakhulu nasezindaweni eziphansi ezimaphakathi nezwe endaweni enkulu yokusabalalisa okuhlangene, futhi inhlabathi ikakhulukazi inhlabathi emnyama enotshani (kuhlanganise ne-chernozem), inhlabathi ye-chestnut kanye nenhlabathi ye-calcite ensundu emnyama. Ikakhulukazi, okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter kuphezulu, okulungele ikakhulukazi ukukhula kwezitshalo; indawo enotshani bemvelo ingamabhiliyoni angu-3.63 mu, okwenza u-26.5% wendawo yonke, ethatha u-7.9% wendawo enotshani yemvelo emhlabeni, ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni; indawo yehlathi imayelana namahektha ayizigidi ezingu-270, ukumbozwa kwehlathi Izinga lingaba ngu-33%, okungukuthi, i-1/3 yendawo yezwe yezwe iyihlathi. Izwekazi linesimo sezulu esishisayo esisenyakatho; indawo eseningizimu yeFlorida inesimo sezulu esishisayo; I-Alaska inesimo sezulu sezwekazi elingaphansi kwe-subarctic; IHawaii inesimo sezulu esishisayo solwandle; izingxenye eziningi zezwe zinemvula eningi futhi ehlukaniseke ngokulinganayo, enesilinganiso semvula ngonyaka esingama-760 mm.
Le ndawo eyingqayizivele yendawo, isimo sezulu esifanelekayo esihlukahlukene, kanye nemithombo yomhlaba ecebile inikeza isisekelo esidingekayo se-United States ukuze ibe izwe elithuthuke kakhulu kwezolimo emhlabeni.
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-United States ihlezi ibambe isikhundla esiphambili emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza wezolimo nowokuthekelisa emhlabeni. Phakathi kwazo:
(1) Ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo. Uma sithatha ngo-2007 njengesibonelo, i-United States yayinamapulazi ayizigidi ezingu-2.076, futhi okusanhlamvu kwayo kwaba cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zomkhiqizo ophelele womhlaba. Ingumthengisi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni wemikhiqizo yezolimo, enjengokolweni 56 (amathani ayizigidi), futhi isithathu emhlabeni. , Ukubalwa kuka-9.3% wesamba somkhiqizo womhlaba; ithumela kwamanye amazwe ama-35.5 (amathani ayizigidi), okubalelwa ku-32.1% wesamba sempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle emhlabeni. Ummbila wama-332 (amathani ayizigidi), owokuqala emhlabeni, wenza u-42.6% wesamba somkhiqizo womhlaba; umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe wawungama-63 (amathani ayizigidi), okubalelwa ku-64.5% yenani lomthamo womhlaba othunyelwa ngaphandle. Ubhontshisi wesoya ungama-70 (amathani ayizigidi), owokuqala emhlabeni, wenza u-32.0% wesamba somkhiqizo womhlaba; izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zingama-29.7 (amathani ayizigidi), ezibalelwa ku-39.4% wesamba esithengisiwe emhlabeni. Ilayisi (elicutshunguliwe) li-6.3 (amathani ayizigidi), lingele-12 emhlabeni, libalelwa ku-1.5% wesamba somkhiqizo womhlaba; ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-3.0 (amathani ayizigidi), okubalelwa ku-9.7% wesamba esithengisiwe emhlabeni. Ukotini 21.6 (amabhala ayizigidi), ongowesithathu emhlabeni, ubalwa ku-17.7% wesamba somkhiqizo womhlaba; ithumela ngaphandle i-13.0 (amabhele ayisigidi), ibalwa ku-34.9% wesamba sempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imikhiqizo yezitshalo e-United States nayo inezinzuzo ezinkulu zokuncintisana emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2008, ukukhiqizwa kwama-rhizomes e-United States kwaba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-19.96, kukleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalombili emhlabeni; amakinati amathani ayizigidi ezingu-2.335, akleliswe endaweni yesine emhlabeni amathani angu-660,000 embewu edlwenguliwe, ekleliswe endaweni ye-13 emhlabeni; amathani ayizigidi ezingama-27.603 omoba, ekleliswe endaweni ye-10 emhlabeni; amathani ayizigidi ezingama-26.837 ka-sugar beet, akleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni; amathani ayizigidi ezingu-28.203 ezithelo (ngaphandle kwamakhabe), kukleliswe eZine zokuqala emhlabeni; linda.
(2) Ukufuywa kwezilwane. I-United States ibilokhu inamandla amakhulu ekukhiqizeni nasekuthumeleni imikhiqizo yemfuyo emazweni angaphandle. Uma sithatha u-2008 njengesibonelo, imikhiqizo esemqoka efana nenyama yenkomo amathani ayizigidi eziyi-12.236, ebalelwa ku-19% womkhiqizo womhlaba, ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni; ingulube 10.462 million amathani, accounting for 10% of okukhiphayo emhlabeni , Usezingeni yesibili emhlabeni; amathani ayizigidi ezingu-2014.1 enyama yenkukhu, ebalelwa ku-22% womkhiqizo womhlaba, ikleliswe kuqala emhlabeni; amaqanda angu-5.339 million amathani, enza u-9% womkhiqizo womhlaba, akleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni; ubisi amathani ayizigidi ezingama-86.179, okubalelwa ku-15% womkhiqizo womhlaba, okleliswe kuqala emhlabeni; ushizi amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4.82, okubalelwa ngaphezu kuka-30% womkhiqizo womhlaba, ukleliswe kuqala emhlabeni.
(3) Ukukhiqizwa kwemboni yokudoba. Uma sithatha u-2007 njengesibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi kwaba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4.109, kukleliswe endaweni yesithupha emhlabeni, lapho izinhlanzi zasolwandle zazingamathani angu-3.791,000 kanti izinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile zazingamathani angu-318,000.
(4) Ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo wehlathi. Uma sithatha u-2008 njengesibonelo, imikhiqizo eyinhloko efana nama-hazelnuts yayingamathani angu-33,000, ikleliswe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni; ama-walnuts ayengamathani angu-290,000, ekleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni.
Inani labantu base-United States lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-300 kuphela, lapho inani labantu bezolimo lingaphansi kwe-2% yenani eliphelele lezwe, kodwa abantu abayizigidi ezingu-6 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kokuqaliswa okuqinile kohlelo lokuvimbela ukukhiqizwa okungatshaliwe, izinhlobo eziningi zomhlaba ziyakhiqizwa. Okusanhlamvu okuningi, okuseqophelweni eliphezulu, imikhiqizo yemfuyo kanye neminye imikhiqizo yezolimo. Isizathu siwukuthi ngaphezu kwezimo zemvelo eziyingqayizivele, impumelelo yezolimo yaseMelika kufanele futhi ifakwe kulezi zici ezibalulekile ezilandelayo:
1. Ibhande elikhulu lokutshala ezolimo e-United States
Ukwakhiwa nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo yayo yokutshala kwezolimo kuwumphumela wethonya elibanzi lezici eziningi ezifana nesimo sezulu (izinga lokushisa, imvula, ukukhanya, umswakama, njll.), i-Topography, inhlabathi, umthombo wamanzi, inani labantu (imakethe, abasebenzi, umnotho) njalo njalo. Le modeli yokutshala endaweni enkulu esekelwe endaweni ezungezile ingakhulisa izinzuzo zezimo zemvelo ukuze yenze umphumela wesikali; kulungele ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ngendlela efanele, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo, kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lemikhiqizo yezolimo; ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwemishini emikhulu, ukukhiqizwa okujwayelekile kanye nokukhiqizwa Okukhethekile kanye nokuphathwa kwezimboni zezolimo; kulungele ukwakhiwa kwendawo enkulu yokongiwa kwamanzi kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda zezolimo kanye nokugqugquzela nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Isiza ngokuqondile abalimi baseMelika ukuthi bathuthukise kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, futhi ekugcineni bazuze ukuncishiswa kwezindleko kanye nenzuzo Inhloso yokwandisa.
Amabhande okutshala ezolimo e-United States asatshalaliswa kakhulu ezifundeni ezinhlanu, okuyilezi:
(1) Ibhande lenkomo yasedlelweni eNyakatho-mpumalanga kanye “naseNew England”. Kubhekiselwa ezifundazweni eziyi-12 ezisempumalanga yeWest Virginia. Izimo zemvelo isimo sezulu esimanzi futhi esibandayo, inhlabathi engenalutho, isikhathi esifushane esingenasithwathwa, asifanele ukulinywa, kodwa silungele ukukhula kwamadlelo kanye nommbila we-silage, ngakho-ke ilungele ukuthuthukiswa kokufuywa kwezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo futhi iyindawo enkulu yokukhiqiza amazambane, ama-apula namagilebhisi.
(2) Ibhande lommbila engxenyeni esenyakatho-maphakathi. Kubhekiselwa ezifundazweni eziyi-8 eduze namachibi amakhulu. Izimo zemvelo yindawo ephansi neyisicaba, inhlabathi ejulile, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu entwasahlobo nasehlobo, kanye nomswakama ophezulu, okuvumela kakhulu ukukhula nokukhula kommbila. Ngakho-ke, lesi sifunda sesiphenduke indawo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yokukhiqiza ummbila; ngesikhathi esifanayo; Lena futhi indawo enkulu kakhulu ekhiqiza ubhontshisi wesoya e-United States, futhi amapulazi kabhontshisi athatha u-54% wengqikithi yezwe; ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa kukakolweni lapha nakho kunesikhundla esibalulekile e-United States.
(3) Ibhande Kakolweni Lamathafa Amakhulu. Itholakala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezisenyakatho ye-United States, ithatha izifunda eziyi-9. Leli ithafa eliphakeme elingaphansi kwamamitha angu-500 ngaphezu kolwandle. Indawo iyisicaba, inhlabathi ivundile, imvula nokushisa kukhona ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthombo wamanzi wanele, futhi ubusika bude futhi bubanda kakhulu, bufanele ukukhula kukakolweni. Indawo kakolweni ehlwanyelwe kulesi sifunda ijwayele ukuthatha amaphesenti angama-70 wezwe.
(4) Ibhande likakotini eningizimu. Ikakhulukazi isho izifunda ezinhlanu ze-Mississippi Delta ogwini olunqamula i-Atlantic. Izimo zemvelo zale ndawo ziphansi futhi ziyisicaba, inhlabathi evundile, i-latitude ephansi, ukushisa okwanele, imvula eningi entwasahlobo nasehlobo nasekwindla eyomile, efanelekile ukuvuthwa kwekotini. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamapulazi kakotini ezwe agxile lapha, nendawo etshaliwe engaphezu kwamahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1.6, futhi umphumela ubalelwa ku-36% wezwe. Phakathi kwazo, i-Arkansas iphinde ibe yindawo enkulu yokukhiqiza irayisi e-United States, enomphumela ophelele wama-43% wezwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, okuhlanganisa izifunda zase-California kanye ne-Arizona river Valley ezaziwa ngokuthi “i-sunbelt”, nazo zibalelwa ku-22% womkhiqizo wezwe.
(5) Izindawo zezolimo ezibanzi ngasogwini lwasePacific, ikakhulukazi okuhlanganisa iWashington, Oregon, kanye neCalifornia. Ibhande lezolimo lithinteka ePacific Warm Current, futhi isimo sezulu sithambile futhi sinomswakama, ofaneleka ekukhuleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Iningi lemifino, izithelo nezithelo ezomisiwe e-United States zivela kule ndawo; ngaphezu kwalokho, licebile nelayisi nokolweni.
2. Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo base-US yibo obuthuthuke kakhulu
Kuwo wonke umlando, isayensi yezolimo nobuchwepheshe bekulokhu kuhola futhi kuqhutshwa kuyo yonke inqubo yentuthuko yezolimo zaseMelika. Uhlelo lwayo olukhulu locwaningo lwesayensi, imfundo, nokukhuthazwa kuhlangene noxhaso olukhulu lwezimali luye lwaba yimpumelelo enkulu, futhi luye lwaba nengxenye ekuthuthukisweni kwe-United States njengemboni yezolimo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Amazwe anamandla adlale indima ebalulekile.
Njengamanje, kunezikhungo ezine ezinkulu zocwaningo e-United States (ezixhunywe yi-Agricultural Research Service yoMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States), amakolishi ezolimo angaphezu kuka-130, iziteshi zokuhlola ezolimo zezifundazwe ezingama-56, iziteshi zokunweba zezifunda zomfelandawonye ezingama-57, kanye nama-ejensi angaphezu kuka-3,300 engeziwe wezolimo. Kunamakolishi ezamahlathi angama-63, amakolishi ezilwane angama-27, ososayensi bezolimo abayizi-9,600, kanye nabasebenzi ababalelwa ku-17,000 abanweba ubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi eziyi-1,200 e-United States ezikhonza ikakhulukazi izimo ezahlukahlukene emkhakheni wezolimo. Imiklamo yabo yezinsizakalo ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa ukwenza intuthuko egunyaziwe kanye nokudlulisa impumelelo yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinzuzo ze-high-tech yezolimo zaseMelika nazo zifakwe ezicini ezintathu, okungukuthi, imishini yezolimo, i-biotechnology yezolimo, kanye nokwaziswa kwezolimo.
(1) Ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo ngemishini ephezulu
Amapulazi ase-US anezinhlobonhlobo zemishini eyenziwe ngemishini kanye nezinsiza eziphelele ezisekelayo, njengezinhlobo ezahlukene zogandaganda (cishe amayunithi ayizigidi ezi-5, ikakhulukazi ngaphezu kuka-73.5KW, afika ku-276KW); abavuni abahlukahlukene (amayunithi ayizigidi eziyi-1.5); Imishini ehlukahlukene Yokuthukulula ejulile (ukuthukulula kweshizolo okujulile, ukuxega kwefosholo kwephiko, ukudlidliza ukuxega okujulile kanye nokuxegiswa kwe-gooseneck okujulile, njll.); imishini ehlukahlukene yokulungisa inhlabathi (ama-disc harrows, ama-toothed harrows, ama-roller rakes, ama-roller, ama-rippers enhlabathi alula, njll.); Imishini enhlobonhlobo yokuhlwanyela (imishini yokumba okusanhlamvu, izimbobo zombila, izimbewu zikakotini, izisakazi zamadlelo, njll.); Imishini ehlukahlukene yokuvikela ukutshala (izifafazo, uthuli, imishini yokwelapha inhlabathi, imishini yokwelapha imbewu, izisakazi zezinhlayiya, njll.) kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zemishini yokusebenza ehlanganisiwe nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuchelela ngemisele, ukuchelela nge-sprinkler, imishini yokuchelela nge-drip, njll., empeleni qaphela cishe yonke into kusukela emhlabathini wokulima, ukuhlwanyela, ukuchelela, ukuvundisa, ukufafaza kuya ekuvuneni, ukubhula, ukucubungula, ukuthutha, ukukhetha, ukomisa, ukugcinwa, njll. Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini yokukhiqiza izitshalo. Mayelana nokuzalanisa imfuyo nezinkukhu, ikakhulukazi izinkukhu nezinkomo, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yemfuyo sekuvele kwenziwa ngemishini futhi kwazenzakalela ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemishini nemishini efana nezigaya zokudla, imishini yokusenga, nokugcinwa nokucubungula ubisi. Kuneminye imikhiqizo eminingi ecutshungulwayo yezolimo, isidingo esifanayo kuphela sokucindezela inkinobho ukuze uqedele ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini emikhulu kangaka kuye kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo zaseMelika. Manje, ngokwesilinganiso, isisebenzi sezolimo ngasinye emapulazini aseMelika singahlakulela indawo engamahektha angu-450, singanakekela izinkukhu ezingu-60 000 kuya kwezingu-70 000, izinkomo ezingu-5 000, futhi sikhiqize okusanhlamvu okungaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-100 000. Ikhiqiza cishe amakhilogremu angu-10 000 enyama futhi iphakela abantu baseMelika abangu-98 kanye nabangaphandle abangu-34.
(2) Ukuhola nge-biotechnology yezolimo emhlabeni jikelele
Esinye isici esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe obuphezulu bezolimo baseMelika ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi sinamathisela ukubaluleka okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwe-biotechnology emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ezolimo. Isizathu siwukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ezithuthukisiwe yi-biotechnology zingathuthukisa kakhulu izinga, isivuno kanye nokumelana nezifo kwezilwane nezitshalo. , Okungakhuphula kakhulu ukukhiqiza kwezabasebenzi kwezolimo zaseMelika. Isibonelo, impumelelo enkulu ku-biotechnology yezolimo yendabuko njengokuzalanisa okuxubile ilethe izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho e-United States. Phakathi kwazo, izinhlobonhlobo zommbila oyi-hybrid okhiqiza kakhulu unesilinganiso sesivuno esingu-8697 kg/ha ngo-1994, okuwukukhula ngo-92% kusukela ngo-1970. %; Ingulube ethile ethandwayo ye-hybrid ingakhuphula ukuzuza kwesisindo sansuku zonke ngo-1.5% futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kokudla ngo-5-10%; futhi izinkomo ezixubile ezisezingeni eliphezulu zingakhiqiza inyama yenkomo ngo-10-15%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe bokufakelwa kwesidoda esiqandisiwe ezinkomeni zobisi zaseMelika, izinkomo zenyama, izimvu, izingulube kanye nezinkukhu nakho kukhulise kakhulu izinga lokuzala kwalezi zilwane.
Njengamanje, izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi ziwumkhakha obalulekile ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-biotechnology yesimanje yezolimo. Kulokhu, i-United States idlula kude amanye amazwe. Izitshalo eziguquguqukayo zibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe be-DNA obuyinhlanganisela ukuze kudluliselwe izici ezintsha ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo ezihlukahlukene ngisho nezilwane ezitshalweni ezidingekayo ukuze kutshalwe iqoqo lezinto ezithela kakhulu, ezimelana nezinambuzane, ezimelana nezifo, isomiso kanye nezici ezimelana nezikhukhula. Izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ezinhle. Isibonelo, sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukwethula ezinye izakhi zofuzo ezinamaphrotheni amaningi ezitshalweni zezinhlamvu ukuze uthole ukolweni onamaprotheni amaningi kanye nommbila onamaprotheni amaningi; dlulisa izakhi zofuzo ezibulala izinambuzane zibe ukotini ukuze wenze ukotini umelane ne-cotton bollworm; Izakhi zofuzo ezinezinga lokushisa eliphansi zahlanganiswa zaba utamatisi ukuze kutholwe utamatisi okwazi ukumelana neqhwa; Izakhi zofuzo ze-cactus zafakwa ezitshalweni zikakolweni nobhontshisi wesoya, futhi kwatholakala izinhlobo ezintsha zokusanhlamvu ezinesivuno esikhulu ezingakhula endaweni eyomile newugwadule.
Kusukela ngo-2004, ngokuhlanganiswa kabusha kwezakhi zofuzo, indlela yokuzalanisa i-biotechnology, i-United States isilime ngempumelelo izitshalo eziningi eziguqulwe izakhi zofuzo njengokotini ongazweli ezinambuzaneni, ummbila ongazweli ezinambuzaneni, ummbila omelana nokubulala ukhula, amazambane amelana nezinambuzane, usoya ongazweli ku-herbicide, i-canola, nekotini. Phakathi kwazo, izinhlobo ezingama-59 (kuhlanganise nezinhlobo eziyi-17 zommbila we-biotech, izinhlobo eziyi-9 zembewu yokudlwengulwa, izinhlobo zikakotini eziyi-8, izinhlobo zikatamatisi ezi-6, izinhlobo zamazambane ezi-4, izinhlobo ezi-3 zikabhontshisi wesoya, izinhlobo ze-beet zikashukela ezi-3, izinhlobo zamathanga ezi-2, irayisi, ukolweni, iflakisi, ipapaya, isiRoman. ikhabe, i-chicory, ne-bentgrass esikiwe yamagilebhisi (1 ngayinye) kugunyazwe ukuthengiswa nokusetshenziswa kabanzi, okwenza ngcono kakhulu ikhwalithi kanye nesivuno sezitshalo zaseMelika. Amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-14.74, kuyilapho indawo kakotini we-biotech yayingamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-4.21, enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wonke, i-United States yandisa ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ngamapondo ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6.6 futhi yandisa imali engenayo ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.3, kodwa imikhiqizo ekwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane. Ukwehliswa kwe-34% kanye nokwehliswa kwamaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-15.6 kusindise izindleko eziningi kubalimi baseMelika futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Kwezinye izindawo ze-biotechnology yezolimo, i-United States nayo inenzuzo enkulu yokuncintisana. Ngokwesibonelo: Mayelana nezibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo, i-United States iye yakwazi ukukhipha izinto eziwusizo ezitheni zemvelo zezinambuzane, noma ihlanganise izinto ezinobuthi ezitheni zemvelo zezinambuzane ukuze yenze izibulala-zinambuzane zemvelo ukuze kuvinjelwe futhi kulawuleke izifo zezitshalo nezinambuzane; i-United States iphinde isebenzisa imibono yezibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuguqula izakhi zofuzo ukukhiqiza izitshalo, ukufeza inhloso yokubulala izinambuzane nokuvikela imvelo.
Ngokuphathelene nezilwane ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo, ososayensi baseMelika baye badlulisela ngempumelelo izakhi zofuzo zezilwane ezithile emaqandeni avundisiwe ezinkomo, izingulube, izimvu nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo nezinkukhu, ngaleyo ndlela bathola izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zemfuyo nezinkukhu; ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United States isebenzise izindlela zobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo ukudlulisa okuthile I-gene ye-hormone yokukhula kwezilwane idluliselwa kubhaktheriya, bese amabhaktheriya aphindaphinda ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamahomoni awusizo. Lawa ma-hormone angakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamafutha emfuyweni kanye nenqubo ye-metabolism yezinkukhu, ngaleyo ndlela asheshise ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa, okungukuthi, ukwandisa ukukhishwa kwemfuyo nezinkukhu kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ngaphandle kokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kokudla.
Mayelana nocwaningo mayelana nokuvimbela nokulawulwa kwezifo zemfuyo nezinkukhu, i-United States iye yakwazi ukuhlukanisa futhi ihlanganise izakhi zofuzo zokuzivikela, okuthathe isinyathelo esikhulu ekulawuleni nasekuqedweni kwezifo zemfuyo nezinkukhu; kusetshenziswa i-biotechnology, i-United States iphinde yasungula ngempumelelo eminye imigomo yobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo kanye nemithi yezilwane. (Kubandakanya i-hormone yokukhula yemfuyo) kanye nezindlela ezinembile nezisheshayo zokutholwa nezindlela zokuxilongwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United States ihola umhlaba ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo lwe-biotechnology yezolimo, njengesayensi yamangqamuzana ezitshalo, ukudwetshwa kwemephu yezakhi zofuzo zezilwane nezitshalo, ubuchwepheshe bokwethulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zangaphandle, nokuqashelwa kwechromosome. Amanye ama-biotechnologies afana nobunjiniyela bamaseli ezilwane kanye nobuchwepheshe be-cloning e-United States buhamba phambili emhlabeni. Izwe nalo linezinzuzo ezithile.
Njengamanje, kunezinkampani eziyishumi kwezingu-20 ezihamba phambili emhlabeni ze-biotechnology yezolimo e-United States; kunezinkampani ezi-3 kwezi-5 eziphezulu e-United States. Lokhu kubonisa isimo esithuthukisiwe se-biotechnology yezolimo e-United States.
Manje i-United States isingene enkathini yoguquko isuka kwezolimo yendabuko iye kwezolimo ezenziwe nge-bio-engineered. Ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwe-biotechnology emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, i-United States yaqale yasifeza isifiso sayo sokuthuthukisa izilwane nezitshalo ngokwentando yomuntu, okusho ukuthi ikusasa I-United States inamandla angenamkhawulo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlukahluka, ikhwalithi, kanye nesivuno. wemikhiqizo yezolimo, kanye nasekuxazululeni indlala yabantu. Ngokusobala, i-biotechnology yezolimo ibaluleke kakhulu e-United States ukuthi iqinisekise isimo sayo njengamandla amakhulu kwezolimo emhlabeni.
(3) Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi buye benza “ukulima ngokunemba” e-United States
I-United States iyizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukungena emphakathini wolwazi. Ukuthandwa nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bayo bekhompyutha ne-inthanethi kanye nomgwaqo omkhulu wolwazi kuye kwadala izimo ezidingekayo zokwaziswa kwezolimo e-United States. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bolwazi bungene kuzo zonke izici zokukhiqizwa kwezolimo zaseMelika, okunomthelela ngqo ekwandeni “kwezolimo olunembayo” e-United States, kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza ezolimo zaseMelika, futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo zaseMelika kanye nezolimo. ukuncintisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwemikhiqizo yezolimo. .
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesistimu yolwazi lwezolimo lwase-US:
a. I-AGNET, uhlelo lwenethiwekhi yamakhompiyutha ezolimo, luwuhlelo olukhulu kakhulu lolwazi lwezolimo emhlabeni wonke. Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa izifundazwe ezingama-46 e-United States, izifundazwe eziyi-6 eCanada namazwe ayi-7 angaphandle kwe-United States neCanada, futhi luxhuma uMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States, uMnyango Wezolimo ezifundazweni eziyi-15, amanyuvesi angama-36 kanye nenani elikhulu lamabhizinisi ezolimo. .
b. Imininingo egciniwe yezoLimo, okuhlanganisa imininingo egciniwe yokukhiqizwa kwezolimo kanye nedathabheyisi yezomnotho yezolimo. Imininingo egciniwe yezolimo iwuhlelo olubalulekile oluyisisekelo lokwazisa ngezolimo. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni wase-US, amanyuvesi, izikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi, imitapo yolwazi kazwelonke, kanye namabhizinisi aziwayo okudla nezolimo abheka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kolwazi olugciniwe, olufana ne-National Crop Variety Resources eyasungulwa uMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States. Uhlelo lokuphatha ulwazi luhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zamasampuli angu-600,000 ezinsiza zezitshalo zokuzalanisa ezolimo kulo lonke elase-United States. Njengamanje, kunemininingwane egciniwe yezolimo ye-elekthronikhi engu-428 efakwe uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US. Edume kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi isizindalwazi se-A-GRICOLA esithuthukiswe ngokuhlanganyela yiNational Library of Agriculture kanye noMnyango Wezolimo. Iqukethe amakhophi angaphezu kuka-100,000. Izethenjwa zesayensi yezolimo nobuchwepheshe.
c. Amawebhusayithi olwazi lwezolimo ochwepheshe, njengohlelo lwenethiwekhi yolwazi lukabhontshisi wesoya olusanda kuthuthukiswa e-United States, lubandakanya ubuchwepheshe kanye nokusebenza kwesixhumanisi ngasinye sokukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wesoya wamazwe ngamazwe, wasekhaya, ukuhlinzeka nokumaketha; ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesistimu yenethiwekhi kukhona inqwaba yochwepheshe abenza ucwaningo lwesoya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona abalimi abahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni ubhontshisi wesoya, okunganikeza izingcezu ezingaphezu kuka-50 zokukhiqiza, ukuhlinzeka kanye nolwazi lokumaketha ngenyanga ngokwesilinganiso.
d. Uhlelo lwe-imeyili, uhlelo lolwazi lwezolimo olusungulwe uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US futhi lwashintshaniswa ngoMnyango Wezolwazi LwezoLimo, oluxhunywe ku-inthanethi. Phakathi kwabo, yi-Agricultural Market Service Bureau kuphela, uhlelo lwekhompiyutha yalo lucubungula izinhlamvu ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-50 zolwazi lwemakethe nsuku zonke.
e. Ubuchwepheshe be-3S ubuchwepheshe bezolimo bokuzwa okukude (RS), isistimu yolwazi lwendawo (GIS) kanye nesistimu yokumisa isathelayithi yomhlaba wonke (GPS). Lolu wuhlelo lokuqala emhlabeni olwasungulwa yi-United States lokulinganisa isivuno sezitshalo emhlabeni wonke kanye nokukhiqiza ngokunemba kwezolimo. .
f. I-Radio Frequency Identification System (RFID). Iwuhlobo olungathinteki olusebenzisa ukuhlangana kwendawo okushintshayo kazibuthe noma kazibuthe kanye nokumoduliswa kwesiginali yefrikhwensi yomsakazo kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwehlisa ukuze kubonakale ukuhlonza okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokulandelelwa kwezinto okuqondiwe.
Okungenhla kuyingxenye yohlelo lolwazi lwezolimo lwase-US.
Kunabalimi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili e-United States. Bazisebenzisa kanjani lezi zinhlelo zolwazi ukuze bathole ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo okunembayo?
Okokuqala, ngohlelo lolwazi lwenethiwekhi, abalimi baseMelika bangathola imininingwane yemakethe ngesikhathi, esiphelele, nangendlela eqhubekayo, futhi basebenzise lokhu ukulungisa ngokunembile ukukhiqizwa kwabo kwezolimo kanye namasu okuthengisa umkhiqizo wezolimo ukuze babenze baqondiswe futhi banciphise ngempumelelo ingozi yokusebenza okuyimpumputhe. . Isibonelo, ngemva kokwazi idatha yakamuva yezindawo zomkhiqizo wezolimo namanani esikhathi esizayo, isidingo semakethe yamazwe ngamazwe neyasekhaya, umthamo wokukhiqiza wamazwe ngamazwe nowasekhaya, umthamo wokungenisa nokuthekelisa, njll., abalimi banganquma ukuthi bakhiqize ini, bakhiqize malini, futhi kanjani. ukuthengisa ukugwema imikhiqizo yezolimo yesikhathi esizayo. Noma ngemva kokufunda ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo, izimo zezulu nolunye ulwazi, umlimi angakwazi futhi ukwazi ukuthi hlobo luni lwembewu okufanele aluthenge, hlobo luni lwezindlela zokutshala okufanele azithole, nokuthi ukutshala nini ukuthi hlobo luni lwesitshalo oluzothela isivuno esiphezulu ukuze uthole inzuzo enkulu;
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, angakwazi futhi ukuqhuba ukubonisana kwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo noma athenge imishini yezolimo efanele kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezifanele ku-inthanethi ngokusekelwe kubuchwepheshe bamuva bezolimo, imishini emisha yezolimo, ukulawula izinambuzane zezilwane nezitshalo kanye nolunye ulwazi. Ngokwesibonelo, uKen Polmugreen, umlimi waseKansas e-United States, usejwayele ukubheka ukwaziswa ngesimo sezulu somhlaba, izimo zokusanhlamvu namanani okuthengwa kokusanhlamvu kuyi-Internet. Ngemva kokufunda ukuthi uhulumeni waseGibhithe wayefuna ukuthenga amanani amakhulu kakolweni "omhlophe oqinile", wayazi ukuthi Lolu hlobo lukakolweni luzoba yinto eshisayo emakethe kulo nyaka, ngakho washintsha izinhlobo zikakolweni ezitshalwe kule nkathi futhi ekugcineni wenza okuningi. inzuzo.
Okwesibili ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-3S, okuyi-Agrimote sensing technology (RS), i-geographic information system (GIS) kanye ne-global satellite positioning system (GPS) ukuze kutholakale ukutshalwa kwezitshalo okunembayo.
I-remote sensing technology (RS) ibhekisela ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo, i-infrared, microwave nezinye izinzwa ze-waveband (multi-spectral) ezifakwe ezimotweni zasemoyeni ukuze zisebenzise izici ezihlukene zokubonisa nemisebe yezitshalo nomhlabathi kumaza kagesi ukuze kutholwe izitshalo nenhlabathi ehlukene. izindawo. Idatha efanelekile isetshenziselwa ukuqapha nokuhlola ngokuguquguqukayo isimo somsoco we-nitrogen, ukukhula, isivuno, izinambuzane nezifo zezitshalo, kanye nosawoti omhlabathi, ukugwadule, isimo sezulu nokuguguleka, ukwanda nokuncipha kwamanzi nemisoco.
I-Geographic Information System (GIS), ngemva kokuthola nokucubungula idatha yenzwa ekude, idatha ye-GPS, kanye nedatha eqoqwe ngesandla yathunyelwa, uhlelo lungakwazi ukukhiqiza ngokuzenzakalelayo imephu yedijithali yepulazi, ephawulwe ngolwazi lwezitshalo nolwazi lwenhlabathi lomphakathi ngamunye.
I-Global Positioning System (GPS) isetshenziswa kakhulu ekumiseni kwendawo nokuzulazula.
Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-3S, abalimi bangakwazi ukulungisa ngokunembile izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokulawula inhlabathi nezitshalo ngokuya ngezinguquko ezicini zasensimini. Isibonelo, lapho uvundisa izitshalo, lapho ugandaganda omkhulu (ofakwe isamukeli se-GPS esinesibonisi kanye neprosesa yedatha) ) Lapho ufutha umanyolo ensimini, isikrini sokubonisa singabonisa izithombe ezimbili ezigqagqene ngesikhathi esisodwa, eyodwa iyidijithali. imephu (imakwe ngohlobo lwenhlabathi yesakhiwo ngasinye, okuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium, isivuno ngesitshalo ngasinye enkathini edlule, kanye nenkomba yesivuno sonyaka wamanje. Njll.), enye imephu yokuxhumanisa igridi (engabonisa indawo yesakhiwo lapho ugandaganda utholakala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngokusekelwe kumasignali e-GPS). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphrosesa yedatha ingakwazi ukubala ngokuzenzakalelayo isakhiwo ngasinye ngokusekelwe kumephu yedijithali yesakhiwo ngasinye esilungiselelwe kusengaphambili. Isilinganiso sokusatshalaliswa kukamanyolo kanye nenani lesifutho sendawo, bese unikeza imiyalelo emshinini wokufafaza ozenzakalelayo.
Indlela efanayo ibuye ifanele ukuchela izibulala-zinambuzane; ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lunganquma ngokuzenzakalelayo isikhathi sokunisela nokufaka umquba ngokusho komswakama wenhlabathi nokukhula kwezitshalo. Ngokwezibalo, ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe bezolimo obunembayo kungonga u-10% kamanyolo, u-23% wezibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nama-25 kg wembewu ehektheleni; ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungandisa isivuno sikakolweni nommbila ngaphezu kuka-15%.
Okwesithathu ukuzuza ukuphathwa okunembayo kokuzalanisa imfuyo kusetshenziswa i-radio frequency identification system (RFID).
Uhlelo lokuhlonza ifrikhwensi yomsakazo i-RFID ikakhulukazi lwakhiwe omaka be-elekthronikhi nabafundi. Ithegi ngayinye ye-elekthronikhi inekhodi ye-elekthronikhi ehlukile kuphela, futhi umfundi unezinhlobo ezimbili: engashintshi futhi ephathwa ngesandla.
Emkhakheni wezolimo wase-United States, izinhlelo ze-RFID zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhomba nokulandelela izilwane ezifuywayo, ikakhulukazi izinkomo. Isimiso siwukugxilisa amathegi e-electronic ezindlebeni zenkomo, aphawulwe ngemininingwane eningiliziwe yenkomo, efana ne-electronics yenkomo. Ikhodi, indawo yemvelaphi, ubudala, ulwazi lohlobo, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nolwazi lokuzivikela komzimba, ulwazi lwezifo, uhlu lozalo kanye nolwazi lokuzala, njll. Uma inkomo ingena endaweni yokufundwayo, i-electronic tag endlebeni yenkomo izothola isignali yefrikhwensi yomsakazo. kusukela kumfundi I-Induction current ikhiqizwa ukuze kutholwe amandla, bese idatha ye-elekthronikhi efana nekhodi ye-elekthronikhi ethwalwa ngokwayo ithunyelwa kumfundi ukuze ifundwe bese ithunyelwa ohlelweni lokuphatha ulwazi lwezilwane, ukuze abantu bazi ukuthi ungubani inkomo, njll, ngaleyo ndlela eqaphela ilungelo lenkomo. Ukuhlonzwa nokulandelwa okunembile kwezinkomo kuqinise ikhono lomlimi lokuphatha umhlambi ngendlela efanele.
Umgomo uyefana ekuhlonzweni nasekulandeleni imfuyo ngaphandle kwezinkomo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke inqubo yemikhiqizo yezolimo kusukela ekukhiqizeni, ekuthuthweni, ekugcinweni kuya ekucutshungulweni nasekuthengisweni kungasebenzisa uhlelo lokuhlonza ifrikhwensi yomsakazo i-RFID, eyenza abantu bakwazi ukulandelela nokuhlonza imikhiqizo yezolimo kusuka etafuleni iye ensimini, ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha kokudla I-the united states. Amandla wesiqinisekiso nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo e-United States.
3. I-US inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lezezimboni zezolimo
Esasivame ukukusho esikhathini esidlule ikakhulukazi kubhekiselwa ekutshaleni nasekuzaleni ngokwesiko kwezolimo. Nokho, ezolimo ngomqondo wesimanje azihlanganisi nje ukutshala nokuzalanisa kuphela, kodwa nemishini yezolimo, imbewu, umanyolo wamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukudla, izimboni zezolimo ezisenhla nomfula njengophethiloli, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nezinkonzo zokwaziswa, kanye nezimboni ezansi nomfula njengezokuthutha, ukugcinwa, ukucutshungulwa, ukupakishwa, ukuthengisa, kanye nendwangu, kunezimboni eziyinhloko, imboni yesibili kanye nesikhungo semfundo ephakeme. Ngamanye amazwi, mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, ezolimo zesimanje sezenze uchungechunge lwemboni yezolimo oluphelele ukusuka phezulu kuya phansi nomfula, okuyiqoqo lezimboni elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokusobala, uma elinye lala maketango linqanyulwa, lizophazamisa kakhulu ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwalo lonke uchungechunge lwemboni yezolimo, okuholela ekwehleni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqiza kwezolimo.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo zesimanje kufanele kube imboni ephilayo nebumbene yazo zonke izimboni kulolu chungechunge, inake ukuthuthukiswa okulinganayo nokuhlelekile kwesixhumanisi ngasinye, futhi yenze ngempumelelo imodeli eyodwa yezolimo, izimboni nezohwebo, kanye nokukhiqiza. , ukuhlinzeka nokumaketha; kanye nokuqhuba imboni yesimanje Indlela yokuphatha ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo iwukuba igxile emakethe futhi ithuthukise ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ezahlukahlukene kanye nokufaka izici ezihlukahlukene zokukhiqiza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenzisana okungcono kakhulu, isivuno esiphezulu kanye nenzuzo enkulu kakhulu yezomnotho. Lokhu wukulima okudidiyelwe, amazwe aseNtshonalanga akubiza ngokuthi yizimboni zezolimo.
I-United States iyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo izimboni zezolimo emhlabeni, futhi isisungule uhlelo oluvuthwe kakhulu noluthuthukile lwezokulima.
(1) Izinhlobo zenhlangano eziyinhloko zokusungulwa kwezimboni zezolimo e-United States:
A. Ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile kusho ukuthi ibhizinisi elilodwa liqeda yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukucubungula nokuthengisa imikhiqizo yezolimo. Isibonelo, i-Del Monte, elawulwa yi-California Consortium, iyinkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yokufaka amathini yemifino. Isebenzisa amahektha angama-800,000 omhlaba ekhaya naphesheya, inamapulazi angama-38, izindawo ezilungisa izinto ezingama-54, izimboni zokufaka amathini eziyi-13, kanye neziteshi zokuthutha zamaloli eziyisi-6. , Isiteshi esi-1 sokulayisha nokuthulula impahla yasolwandle, isikhungo esi-1 sokusabalalisa impahla yomoya kanye nezindawo zokusabalalisa eziyi-10, kanye nezindawo zokudlela ezingama-24, njll.
B. Ukuhlanganiswa okuvundlile, okungukuthi, amabhizinisi ahlukene noma amapulazi enza ukukhiqizwa, ukucubungula, nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ngokuvumelana nenkontileka. Isibonelo, i-Penfield Company yasePennsylvania, ngendlela yenkontileka, yahlanganisa amapulazi ezinkukhu angu-98 ukuze igxile ekuzaleni ama-broilers kanye nezinkukhu ezizalelayo. Inkampani le ihlinzeka abafuyi benkukhu, ukudla, amafutha, imithi kanye lezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa emapulazini enkukhu, njalo ilomlandu wokuthenga izinkukhu. Ama-broiler namaqanda aqediwe avela epulazini abe esecutshungulwa futhi adayiswe.
C. Isigaba sesithathu ukuthi amapulazi nezinkampani ezahlukene zikhiqiza, zicubungule, futhi zidayise ngokwezimpawu zentengo yemakethe. Ngokufana nemodeli yebhizinisi “yezimakethe ezichwepheshile + nemindeni yabalimi” yezwe lami, lena imodeli yebhizinisi ehamba phambili e-United States, evumela ukuncintisana okuphelele kwezixhumanisi ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, ukucubungula, nokuthengisa, ngaleyo ndlela kuxazululwe ubungozi obuhlukahlukene bebhizinisi.
(2) Isici esiphawulekayo sokusungulwa kwezimboni zezolimo e-United States ukuthi izimboni zokutshala nokuzalanisa e-United States ziye zazuza uchwepheshe besifunda, ukwakheka okukhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemishini, ukuqinisa, ukuhwebelana, kanye nokuhlalisana kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo.
Ubungcweti besifunda kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinga elikhulu kuyisici esisobala sokukhiqizwa kwezolimo kwaseMelika. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo emaphakathi nesenyakatho-mpumalanga ikhiqiza ikakhulukazi ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya nokolweni, ingxenye eseningizimu yogu lwePacific inothe kakhulu ngezithelo nemifino, kanti ingxenye eseningizimu yesifunda sase-Atlantic idume ngezindawo ezikhiqiza ugwayi. Linda; kukhona ngisho izifunda ezi-5 e-United States ezitshala isilimo esisodwa kuphela, kanti izifunda ezi-4 zitshala izinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela zezitshalo. I-Texas ine-14% yezinkomo zezwe, kanti i-Iowa's hog inani lezwe. I-Arkansas iyisifunda esikhulukazi esikhiqiza irayisi e-United States (ama-43% omkhiqizo wezwe), futhi iqoqo lemboni yewayini laseCalifornia linabakhiqizi bewayini bezohwebo abangama-680 kanye nezinkulungwane zabalimi bamagilebhisi, njll.; okwamanje, i-United States Isilinganiso esikhethekile samapulazi kakotini singu-79.6%, amapulazi emifino 87.3%, amapulazi ezitshalo zensimu 81.1%, amapulazi ezitshalo ze-horticultural 98.5%, amapulazi ezihlahla zezithelo 96.3%, amapulazi ezinkomo zenkomo 87.9%, amapulazi obisi 84.2%, kanye amapulazi ezinkukhu 96.3%; Amabhande ezimboni ezinkulu eziyisishiyagalolunye e-United States ayizindawo zokukhiqiza zezolimo ezikhethekile, ngalinye eliye lakha amaqoqo ezimboni ezinkulu zezolimo.
Ukwenziwa ngomshini kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo kusho ukuthi i-United States isizuze imisebenzi yemishini cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokukhiqiza ezolimo.
Ukuqiniswa kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ezolimo e-United States, kuye kwalithuthukisa kakhulu izinga lokuqiniswa kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo e-United States. Ukukhuphuka "kokulima okunembayo" kuwubufakazi obuhle kakhulu.
Ukusungulwa kwezimboni zokukhiqiza ezolimo kubhekise ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo enemininingwane esezingeni elijwayelekile kanye nekhwalithi esezingeni ngenqubo eyisipesheli kanye nokusebenza komugqa wokuhlanganisa ngokuhambisana nemigomo yokukhiqiza efekthri. Isimo senhlalo yezabasebenzi sisondelene nesezimboni. Isibonelo, imifino nezithelo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zivunwa ngokuqondile ensimini. Ithuthelwe embonini, ngemva kokubhaliswa kanye nesisindo, ingena emgqeni wokucubungula wokuhlanza, ukulinganisa, ukupakisha, isiqandisi, njll; kukhona futhi ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane zaseMelika, kusukela ekuzalweni, ukuzalanisa, ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda nobisi, njll., yizinkampani ezikhethekile ngokuhambisana namazinga Inqubo, imininingwane kanye nekhwalithi yokukhiqiza, njalonjalo.
Ngokuhlangana kwezinsizakalo zokukhiqiza ezolimo, amapulazi aseMelika iningi lawo angamapulazi omndeni. Ngisho nepulazi elikhulu elinesikali samahektha angama-530-1333 linabantu abathathu noma aba-5 kuphela. Umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka uncike epulazini lodwa. , Ngokusobala abanekhono. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lwenkonzo yezenhlalo yokukhiqiza ezolimo e-United States luthuthuke kakhulu. Kunenqwaba yezinkampani ezikhethekile zesevisi yezolimo emphakathini. Ukuhlinzekwa kwezinto zokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokukhiqiza, umhlaba olimekayo, ukuhlwanyela, ukuvundisa, nokuvuna ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, ngisho nangemva kokukhiqiza. Ezokuthutha, isitoreji, ukuthengisa, njll., inqobo nje uma ushaya ucingo, othile uzofika emnyango wakho ngesikhathi.
Ubungcweti, isikali, ukwenziwa kwemishini, ukuqinisa, kanye nokusebenzela umphakathi kuyindlela yokusebenza yemboni yesimanje. Ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwezolimo, baye baqala ngempumelelo uguquko olukhulu ezindleleni zokukhiqiza ezolimo zaseMelika futhi bathuthukisa kakhulu ezolimo zaseMelika. Izinga lokuthuthuka kwezimboni nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
(3) Amabhizinisi amakhulu okucubungula umkhiqizo wezolimo kanye nokumaketha e-United States abusa inqubo yokusungulwa kwezimboni zezolimo e-United States.
Abathengisi bokusanhlamvu abane abakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni (balawula u-80% wevolumu yokuhweba okusanhlamvu emhlabeni futhi banamandla asobala entengo), bathathu e-United States, okuyi-ADM, i-Bunge ne-Cargill, okungamaphrosesa amathathu aphezulu okusanhlamvu emhlabeni. -inkampani enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe ezinkampanini eziyishumi ezihamba phambili ezihweba ngokudla namafutha emhlabeni; phakathi kwezinkampani eziyishumi ezihamba phambili ezikhiqiza ukudla emhlabeni, eziyisithupha zise-United States, kanti uKraft noTyson baphakathi kwezihamba phambili; kanye nabathengisi bokudla abahlanu kwabayishumi abahamba phambili emhlabeni base-United States, uWal-Mart ubelokhu engumholi; phakathi kwazo:
I-ADM inezimboni ezingu-270 emhlabeni jikelele ezisebenza ekulungiseni nasekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yezolimo efana nokusanhlamvu namafutha adliwayo. Njengamanje iyisigaxa esikhulu sikabhontshisi wesoya e-United States, iphrosesa enkulu kunazo zonke yombila omanzi, ingeyesibili ngobukhulu ekhiqiza ufulawa, futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu bokugcina okusanhlamvu kanye nezinto zokuhamba. Ingumkhiqizi we-ethanol omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, futhi ingeyesihlanu ngobukhulu emhlabeni ngokuthumela okusanhlamvu kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2010, imali engenayo yokusebenza kwe-ADM yayingama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-69.2, ikleliswe endaweni yama-88 phakathi kwezinkampani ezihamba phambili ezingama-500 emhlabeni.
I-Bunge inezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-450 zokucubungula okusanhlamvu nowoyela emazweni angama-32 emhlabeni jikelele, ngemali engenayo yokusebenza yama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-41.9 ngo-2010, ikleliswe endaweni ye-172 phakathi kwezinkampani eziphezulu ezingama-500 emhlabeni. Njengamanje, i-Bunge iyiphrosesa enkulukazi yommbila omisiwe e-United States, ingeyesibili ngobukhulu ethengisa imikhiqizo kabhontshisi wesoya (ukudla kwesoya namafutha kabhontshisi) kanye neprosesa lesithathu ngobukhulu likabhontshisi wesoya, iyindawo yesine enkulu yokugcina okusanhlamvu e-US, iyindawo yesine ngobukhulu yokuthumela okusanhlamvu kwamanye amazwe. emhlabeni, kanye nembewu enkulu kawoyela. Nqampuna iphrosesa.
I-Cargill njengamanje isebenza amafekthri angu-1,104 emazweni angu-59 futhi ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wokuphakelwa kommbila e-United States. Inezigayo eziyi-188 futhi yaziwa ngokuthi “inkosi yokudla” emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iCargill nayo iyinkampani yesithathu enkulu kunazo zonke ekhiqiza ufulawa e-United States; I-United States Isikhungo sesithathu esikhulu kunazo zonke sokuhlatshwa, ukupakisha nokucubungula inyama; inkampani enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni yokuhweba okusanhlamvu, enenani elikhulu lezinqolobane e-United States.
I-Kraft Foods ingeyesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni ekhiqiza ukudla okugayiwe ilandela i-Nestlé Foods yaseSwitzerland. Isebenza emazweni angaphezu kuka-70 futhi imikhiqizo yayo isatshalaliswa emazweni angaphezu kwe-150 emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2010, iholo layo lokusebenza lalingama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40.4, libalwa kwabangama-500 aphezulu emhlabeni. Ikleliswe endaweni ye-179 phakathi kwezinkampani eziqinile. Imikhiqizo eyinhloko ikhofi, uswidi, izinja ezishisayo, amabhisikidi noshizi, neminye imikhiqizo yobisi.
I-Tyson Foods Co., Ltd., enenzuzo yokusebenza yama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-27.2 ngo-2010, ikleliswe endaweni yama-297 phakathi kwezinkampani ezihamba phambili ezingama-500 emhlabeni. Ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wokudla okugaywe ngezinkukhu emhlabeni. Njengamanje inezindawo zokudlela eziyisishiyagalolunye kwezingu-100 ezihamba phambili emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama yenkomo, ingulube, nemikhiqizo yasolwandle kaTyson nayo ithatha ingxenye enkulu emakethe yomhlaba, futhi idayiswa emazweni angaphezu kuka-54.
I-Wal-Mart iwuxhaxha lwezitolo olukhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, olunezitolo ezingaphezu kuka-6,600 emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuthengisa ukudla kungenye yebhizinisi lakho elibaluleke kakhulu. Ngo-2010, i-Wal-Mart yakleliswa kuqala kwabangu-500 abahamba phambili emhlabeni ngemali engenayo yokusebenza yama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-408.2.
Lezi zinkampani ezinkulu ezicubungula imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nokumaketha zithembele ezinhlelweni zolwazi, ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko, imali enkulu kanye nokumaketha ukuze zenze uchungechunge lokucutshungulwa okujulile kwemikhiqizo yezolimo ukuze kwandiswe inani elengeziwe lemikhiqizo yezolimo, futhi zihlole ngenkuthalo izimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. ukwandisa isikali sokukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa izinsiza ezahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe imikhiqizo yezolimo e-United States. Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlinzeka nokumaketha, ezolimo, izimboni nezohwebo kudlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuncintisana okuphelele kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwezolimo zaseMelika, futhi kukhuthaze ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulazi emindeni yaseMelika kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kwezolimo zaseMelika.
(4) Izimboni zezolimo zase-US ezithuthukile njengemishini yezolimo, imbewu, umanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane zinikeze isisekelo esiqinile sezinto ezibonakalayo zokusungulwa kwezimboni zezolimo zase-US.
Phakathi kwabo, uJohn Deere kanye noCase New Holland bangomidondoshiya embonini yomhlaba yokukhiqiza imishini yezolimo, kuyilapho iMonsanto, iDuPont, neMaison inezikhundla ezihola phambili embonini yomhlaba wonke yembewu, umanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane:
UJohn Deere ungumkhiqizi omkhulu wemishini yezolimo emhlabeni. Idume umhlaba wonke ngokukhiqiza isethi ephelele yogandaganda abanamandla amahhashi aphezulu kanye nabavuni abahlanganisayo, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yemishini yezolimo ebanzi nelandelanayo. Ngo-2010, ikleliswe phakathi kwabangu-500 abahamba phambili emhlabeni ngemali engenayo yokusebenza yama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-23.1. Le nkampani ikleliswe ku-372 kanti njengamanje inezimboni emazweni angu-17, kanti imikhiqizo yayo idayiswa emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-160 emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Case New Holland Company (ikomkhulu, indawo yokubhalisa, kanye nesizinda sokukhiqiza esiyinhloko kuse-United States), imikhiqizo eyinhloko “i-Case” kanye ne-“New Holland” izinhlobo ezimbili zogandaganda bezolimo, abavuni abahlanganisayo nababhali, abavuni bakakotini, abavuni bomoba kanye olunye uchungechunge lwemishini yezolimo. Inezisekelo zokukhiqiza ezingama-39, izikhungo ze-R&D ezingama-26 kanye namabhizinisi ahlanganyelwe angama-22 emazweni ayi-15. Imikhiqizo yayo idayiswa emazweni angaphezu kuka-160 nasezifundeni ngokusebenzisa abasabalalisi abangu-11,500 emhlabeni wonke. Ukuthengiswa konyaka kungaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-16 zamadola aseMelika.
I-Monsanto ngokuyinhloko iyinkampani yamazwe ngamazwe ye-biotechnology yezolimo, esebenzisa kakhulu i-biotechnology ukuthuthukisa izimakethe zezitshalo nemikhiqizo yokubulala ukhula. Izimbewu zayo ezi-4 eziwumgogodla (ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya, ukotini nokolweni) kanye nochungechunge lwe-“Nongda” (glyphosate) I-Herbicides ilethe inzuzo enkulu e-Monsanto. Ngo-2006, imali engenayo yembewu ye-Monsanto yayilinganiselwa ku-US$4.5 billion, ibalwa ku-20% wokuthengiswa komhlaba wonke. Njengamanje, iMonsanto iyinkampani enkulu yembewu emhlabeni, ilawula u-23% kuya ku-41% wembewu yomhlaba wonke yokusanhlamvu nemifino. Ikakhulukazi emakethe yembewu eguqulwe ngofuzo, iMonsanto isiphenduke umdondoshiya onezilimo ezingaphezu kuka-90% emhlabeni. Imbewu eshintshwe izakhi zonke zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bayo obunelungelo lobunikazi.
I-DuPont yinkampani yamakhemikhali ehlukahlukene yamazwe ngamazwe, ekleliswe endaweni yama-296 kwabangu-500 abahamba phambili emhlabeni ngo-2010, futhi ububanzi bayo bebhizinisi buhlanganisa izimboni ezingaphezu kuka-20 ezifana nezimboni zamakhemikhali nezolimo. Phakathi kwazo, izimbewu zeDuPont zihlanganisa ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya, amabele, ubhekilanga, ukotini, irayisi nokolweni. Ngo-2006, imali engenayo yembewu ye-DuPont yayilinganiselwa ku-US$2.8 billion, okuyenza ibe inkampani yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlakula kwe-DuPont, ukuvala inzalo kanye nemikhiqizo emithathu yezibulala-zinambuzane esezingeni eliphezulu nayo yaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Phakathi kwazo, izibulala-zinambuzane zaseDuPont zihlanganisa imikhiqizo engaphezu kwesishiyagalombili efana ne-Kangkuan, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi zezibulala-sikhunta ezifana ne-Xinwansheng, kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyisikhombisa zemithi yokubulala ukhula njenge-Daojiang. Ngo-2007 ukuthengiswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zaseDuPont kwaba ngaphezu kwe-US$2.7 billion, ikleliswe endaweni yesihlanu emhlabeni.
Imikhiqizo yale nkampani kamanyolo idayiswa emazweni angu-33 emazwenikazi amahlanu. Njengamanje ingumkhiqizi nomdayisi womanyolo we-phosphate omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni onamandla okukhiqiza amathani ayizigidi eziyi-12.08 ngonyaka, ibalwa cishe u-17% wokukhiqiza umanyolo we-phosphate emhlabeni wonke kanye nama-58% omthamo wokukhiqiza umanyolo we-phosphate wase-US; Ngasikhathi sinye, i-Legg Mason iphinde ibe ngumkhiqizi wesithathu kamanyolo we-potash ngobukhulu emhlabeni futhi ingomunye wabahlinzeki abakhulu bomhlaba be-nitrogen fertilizer, enamandla okukhiqiza minyaka yonke amathani ayizigidi ezingu-9.277 kamanyolo ophelele we-potash kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-1.19 okuthengiswa kukamanyolo we-nitrogen.
(5) Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifelandawonye yezolimo yaseMelika nayo ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kwezolimo zaseMelika:
Imifelandawonye yezolimo yaseMelika izinhlangano ezixegayo ezihlelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo abalimi ngabanye ngenxa yokucabangela ukukhiqiza kwabo kanye nezintshisakalo zokumaketha ngaphansi kwezimo zomnotho wemakethe, futhi inhloso yabo ukusizana nokuzuza amalungu. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseMelika, imifelandawonye yezolimo idume kakhulu, futhi kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko: imifelandawonye yokunikezela nokumaketha, imifelandawonye yezinkonzo, namadlelandawonye ezikweletu. Ngo-2002, kwakunemifelandawonye yezolimo engaphezu kuka-3,000 e-United States enamalungu ayizigidi ezingu-2.79, okuhlanganisa imifelandawonye engu-2,760 yokuhlinzeka nokumaketha kanye nemifelandawonye yesevisi engama-380.
Njengenhlangano exhumanisa umphakathi engenzi nzuzo phakathi kwamapulazi omndeni kanye nemakethe, imifelandawonye yezolimo iqoqa abalimi abahlakazekile ukuze baxhumane nemakethe, futhi sebebonke, bahlanganisa izingxoxo zangaphandle, ukuthengwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo okuhlanganisiwe, ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo okuhlanganisiwe, nezinsizakalo ezihlanganisiwe. Phendula ngokuhlanganyela ezingozini zemakethe. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokugcina amalungelo amapulazi omndeni ukuthi azikhiqizele ngokuzimela, kodwa futhi kusiza abalimi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi ezifana nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwemali mboleko, ukuhlinzekwa kwempahla yokukhiqiza ezolimo, ukusilela emuva kwezolimo, ukuncishiswa kwentengo yangaphakathi, kanye nokukhuthazwa kobuchwepheshe bezolimo, njll., ngaleyo ndlela kwehlise izindleko Zokukhiqiza. benze ngcono ukusebenza kahle futhi bakhuthaze ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo.
Enqubweni yezimboni zezolimo e-United States, ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo, imifelandawonye yezolimo empeleni yadlala indima yomkhakha oyinhloko wezimboni zezolimo e-United States. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imifelandawonye yezolimo inganikeza abalimi izinto ezidingekayo ukuze bahlanganyele kwezolimo. , Njengemishini yezolimo nezingxenye ezisele, imbewu, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukudla, umanyolo, uwoyela kaphethiloli nezinye izinto; noma angakwazi ukuzibandakanya ekucubunguleni nasekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, njengokucubungula nokudayisa ukotini, imikhiqizo yobisi, izithelo nemifino, okusanhlamvu nezitshalo zikawoyela, imfuyo kanye Nezinkukhu, izithelo ezomisiwe, irayisi, ushukela neminye imikhiqizo yezolimo; kanye nokuhlinzeka ngamasevisi ahlobene nokukhiqiza, ukuthengisa kanye nemisebenzi yokuthenga, njengokuhlinzeka ngemishini kakotini, ukuthutha ngemoto, ukutshala imbewu, ukugcinwa, ukomisa, nolwazi kanye nezinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengenhlangano yomxhumanisi, amadlelandawonye ezolimo asungule ubudlelwano obuzinzile bokusebenzisana phakathi kwabalimi kanye namabhizinisi ahlukahlukene ezimboni nezohwebo ngokuhlinzeka, ukumaketha, ukucubungula, kanye nezinsizakalo, futhi abeka isisekelo sokusebenza okuhlanganisiwe kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene e-United States. Amazwe. Ngokusobala, ezolimo Le ndima yama co-op iyikhuthaze kakhulu inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zezolimo e-United States.
4. I-US isekela ezolimo kakhulu
Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-200 nje, i-United States iye yadlula amazwe amaningi aziwa ngempucuko yezolimo ukuze ibe amandla amakhulu kwezolimo emhlabeni. Esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ohulumeni baseMelika abalandelanayo baye babheka ezolimo njengomthombo wokuphila komnotho wezwe futhi bathola ukwesekwa okunamandla. Inqubomgomo yokuphelezela ezolimo ngokomthetho wezolimo, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yezolimo, ukusekelwa ngezimali, uxhaso lwezezimali, ukukhululeka kwentela, njll., ikhuthaze kakhulu intuthuko yezolimo eya phambili e-United States:
(1) Umthetho wezoLimo
Inhloso ukuvikela ezolimo ngomthetho kanye nokuphatha ezolimo ngomthetho. Njengamanje, i-United States isungule uhlelo lwezomthetho lwezolimo oluphelele ngokuqhathaniswa olusekelwe futhi olugxile emthethweni wezolimo futhi olusekelwa imithetho ekhethekile engaphezu kwe-100 ebalulekile.
A. Umthetho Wezolimo, okungukuthi, “Umthetho Wokulungisa Ezokulima” owaphasiswa UKhongolose wase-US ngo-December 1933, umgomo wawo oyisisekelo uwukuxazulula inkinga yokukhiqiza ngokweqile, ukukhulisa amanani entengo yemikhiqizo yezolimo, nokwandisa imali engenayo yabalimi. Kusukela lapho, umthetho uye wenza izinguquko ezinkulu eziyi-17 ezikhathini zomlando ezehlukene, obeka isisekelo sokulawula yonke imisebenzi yezomnotho yezolimo zaseMelika.
B. Imithetho ehlobene nokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa komhlaba wokulima. Phakathi kwayo, imithetho engaphezu kweyisi-8 njengoMthetho Wezindlu kanye noMthetho Wekolishi Lokunikezwa Komhlaba unethonya elikhulu. Le mithetho izuze ukwenziwa ngasese komhlaba e-United States, igcine ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okuphelele okuphelele, futhi ngokomthetho Idlale indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni nasekuxhumaneni komhlaba ozimele.
C. Imithetho ehlobene nezimpahla zezolimo kanye nezikweletu zezolimo. Ngokungeziwe emthethweni wezolimo, kunemithetho engaphezu kweyi-10 efana “noMthetho Wemalimboleko Yezolimo” ehlinzeka ngokuqondile ngemithethonqubo enemininingwane mayelana nempahla yezolimo kanye nekhredithi yezolimo e-United States, ukuze kusungulwe futhi kulawulwe imboni yezolimo enkulukazi yezwe. Isistimu yezikweletu yenze umnikelo oncomekayo.
D. Imithetho ehlobene nokuqinisa ukwesekwa nokuvikelwa kwentengo yomkhiqizo wezolimo. Ngokungeziwe emthethweni wezolimo, imithetho engaphezu kwemihlanu okuhlanganisa ne-Agricultural Product Sales Agreement Act idlale indima ebalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo e-United States kanye nokwesekwa kwamanani omkhiqizo wezolimo.
E. Imithetho ehlobene nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lwemikhiqizo yezolimo, njengokuthi “Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996″, isuse imigoqo yokuthi abalimi baseMelika bangene emakethe yomhlaba ngokuzimela, futhi yandisa kakhulu ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo yaseMelika.
F. Imithetho ehlobene nokuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nemvelo, okuhlanganisa uMthetho Wokuvikelwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwemithombo Yemvelo kanye nemithetho engaphezu kwemine evikela imithombo yemvelo e-United States ngokuvikela umhlabathi, ukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zamakhemikhali njengezibulala-zinambuzane. Kube nendima enkulu ekugcineni ukulingana kwemvelo.
G. Eminye imithetho elawula ubudlelwano bezomnotho bezolimo e-United States, njengoMthetho Wokuphromotha Kokubambisana, uMthetho Wokutshala Amahlathi, Umthetho Wokugcinwa Kwezokudoba Nokuphathwa Kwezokudoba, Umthetho Womshuwalense Wezimila Wezwe, kanye Nomthetho Wokusiza Izinhlekelele, njll.
(2) Ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yezolimo
Kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, ukuze kuthuthukiswe intuthuko yezolimo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ezolimo ziyisisekelo esibalulekile somnotho wezwe, i-United States ibilokhu iqinisa ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yezolimo ngokulondolozwa kwamanzi epulazini, ezokuthutha zasemakhaya, ugesi, ezokuxhumana kanye ne-Intanethi njengenhlangano okuqukethwe okuyinhloko. Ingqalasizinda yezolimo i-Heahe isiphelele kakhulu, futhi yenze umnikelo oncomekayo ekuqinisekiseni ukwenziwa kwesimanje kwezolimo lwaseMelika. Indlela yayo eqondile:
Owokuqala ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokongiwa kwamanzi epulazini laseDaxing. I-United States iye yakha ngokulandelana inani elikhulu lamadamu okunisela kanye nokuvimbela izikhukhula, amadamu, imigudu yokunisela neyokukhipha amanzi, futhi yabeka inani elikhulu lamapayipi okunisela okunisela ezweni lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yesomiso esifundeni esisentshonalanga, i-United States iye yasungula isifunda sasentshonalanga ngokulandelana. 350 amadamu amakhulu naphakathi nendawo akhiwe ukuze ahlinzeke ngamanzi okunisela anele emapulazini amakhulu ayi-12 asabalele endaweni engaphezu kwamahektare ayizigidi ezingama-54. Phakathi kwazo, iCalifornia iyisifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke sezolimo e-United States, futhi umbuso wakhe enye yezinhloso ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwendawo yokongiwa kwamanzi, iphrojekthi inesamba samadamu okugcina amanzi angama-29, iziteshi zokumpompa eziyi-18, izizinda zokuphampa amandla ezi-4, izizinda zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezi-5 kanye nemisele namapayipi angaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-1 000. Njengamanje, indawo eniselwa ngenkasa e-United States isifinyelele kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-25, ibalwa ku-13% wendawo yokulima, lapho indawo yokuchelela ye-sprinkler ingamahektha ayizigidi ezingu-8, ibekwe kuqala emhlabeni.
Okwesithathu ukukhuthaza ngamandla ukuthandwa kwamandla asemakhaya. Ukwakhiwa okukhulu kwamandla asezindaweni zasemakhaya e-United States kwaqala ngokumenyezelwa kwe-Rural Electrification Act kanye ne-Power Cooperatives Act ngo-1936, okwavumela imifelandawonye yasemaphandleni ukuba zithole isamba esikhulu semalimboleko enenzalo ephansi yesikhathi eside ukuze kwakhiwe amandla. izitshalo (Kubandakanya ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi, amandla ashisayo, njll.), iziteshi zokusabalalisa amandla kagesi nezintambo zokudlulisa amandla, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadlelandawonye kagesi asemaphandleni angaba nelungelo lokuqala lokuthenga amandla kuzo zonke izimboni zikagesi zikahulumeni wobumbano ngamanani akhethekile kagesi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi bonke abalimi ezindaweni zabo bangathola ugesi owanele. Njengamanje, i-United States ingumkhiqizi wamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ukuphehlwa kukagesi minyaka yonke kwenza cishe ama-30% engqikithi yokuphehlwa kukagesi emhlabeni, afinyelela ku-4 trillion kilowatt-hora. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United States futhi inamakhilomitha angu-320,000 wezintambo zokudlulisela amandla kagesi amakhulu kakhulu, okuhlanganisa neziteshi zamandla zesifunda. Futhi igridi ihlanganisa amadlelandawonye okusabalalisa amandla angu-60 kanye namadlelandawonye okusabalalisa angu-875 e-Rural Power e-United States.
Okwesine, kwakhiwe izinsiza eziningi zokuxhumana ezindaweni zasemakhaya (izingcingo ezingaguquki, omakhalekhukhwini, i-cable television, ne-Internet, njll.). Njengezwe elithuthuke kakhulu embonini yezokuxhumana, i-United States ingeyokuqala emhlabeni ukwazisa izingcingo ezihleliwe nomakhalekhukhwini ezindaweni zasemakhaya nakwezinye izindawo zezwe. , Ikhebula le-TV ne-inthanethi. Njengamanje, okugxilwe kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezokuxhumana ngezingcingo zasemakhaya e-United States wukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezindaweni zasemakhaya kanye namaphrojekthi okufinyelela ku-inthanethi ye-broadband. Ngokohlelo "lwe-US Recovery and Reinvestment Programme" ngo-2009, uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US kanye Nokuphathwa Kwezokuxhumana Ngezingcingo Nolwazi kuzwelonke bathole isamba semali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7.2 zamadola ase-US ekuxhasweni kobunjiniyela be-broadband. Ngo-2010 kuphela, uMnyango Wezolimo wase-US unikeze usizo lwezezimali ezifundazweni nasezifundazweni zase-US ezingu-38. Indawo yesizwe yabele amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.2 wezibonelelo nezimali ezibolekwayo ukuze kwakhiwe amaphrojekthi wokufakwa kwe-broadband engu-126, okuhlanganisa: ulayini we-digital subscriber line (DSL), ulayini okungenantambo okungenantambo kanye namanye amaphrojekthi we-broadband ezifundazweni eziyisikhombisa ezihlanganisa i-Georgia, i-Texas, ne-Missouri; Amaphrojekthi wenethiwekhi ye-Kentucky Optical fiber kwezinye izindawo zesifunda sasentshonalanga naseTennessee; Amaphrojekthi angu-10 enethiwekhi yokufinyelela okungenantambo kwe-broadband (WiMax) ezifundazweni ezingu-7 okuhlanganisa i-Alabama, i-Ohio ne-Illinois, njll. Ukuphothulwa kwala maphrojekthi we-broadband kuzothuthukisa ngokuqondile ulwazi lwezolimo lwase-US ezingeni elisha futhi kudale izimo ezingcono zokuthuthukisa ngokwengeziwe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo e-US.
Mayelana nokwesekwa komshwalense, umshwalense wezolimo wase-US ungaphansi kwesibopho se-Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. Ngo-2007 kuphela, imboni yomshwalense wezolimo wase-US yahlanganisa amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-272 wendawo yokutshala, ngenani lesikweletu lama-US$67.35 wezigidigidi, amaphrimiyamu angama-US$6.56 wezigidigidi, kanye nesinxephezelo sika-US$3.54 wezigidigidi. Izibonelelo zikahulumeni zomshwalense wezolimo ziyizigidigidi ezi-3.82 zamadola aseMelika.
Isikhathi eside, uhulumeni wase-US ulondoloze ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwesikweletu sezolimo kanye nomshwalense wezolimo, okukhuthaze kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo zase-US. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule nkinga yezimali yamanje, uhlelo lwezikweletu zezolimo kanye nohlelo lomshwalense wezolimo lwase-United States aluzange luthinteke, futhi imithombo yalo eyanele yokuxhasa ngemali yanikeza ukusekelwa okuqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe isimo se-United States njengamandla okuqala ezolimo.
(4) Uxhaso lwezezimali
Inqubomgomo yoxhaso lwezimali yezolimo yase-US yaqala “kuMthetho Wokulungisa Ezokulima” ngo-1933. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengama-70 yentuthuko, sekusungulwe uhlelo loxhaso lwezolimo oluphelele futhi oluhlelekile. Yonke inqubo ingahlukaniswa cishe izigaba ezintathu.
Isigaba sokuqala yisigaba senqubomgomo yoxhaso lwamanani ukusuka ku-1933 kuya ku-1995, okusho ukuthi, uxhaso lwezolimo luxhumene ngqo namanani emakethe.
Isigaba sesibili yisigaba senqubomgomo yoxhaso lwemali engenayo kusukela ngo-1996 kuya ku-2001, okungukuthi, uxhaso lwehliswa enanini lemakethe lonyaka futhi lufakwe ngokuqondile emalini engenayo yabalimi.
Isigaba sesithathu isigaba senqubomgomo yoxhaso lwentengo yemali engenayo ngemva kuka-2002. Kukhona kokubili uxhaso lwemali engenayo kanye noxhaso lwamanani. Izici zayo eziyinhloko yilezi:
A. Inani lezibonelelo lifinyelele izinga eliphezulu kakhulu emlandweni. Phakathi nesikhathi sika-2002-2007, isilinganiso sezindleko zonyaka zoxhaso lwezolimo sasilinganiselwa ku-US$19 billion kuya ku-US$21 billion, okuwukunyuka okuphelele kwama-US$5.7 billion kuya ku-US$7.7 billion uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka edlule. Isamba seminyaka eyi-6 sesifinyelele ku-US $ 118.5 billion. Kufika ku-190 billion wamadola aseMelika.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-23-2021