United States ili pakatikati pa North America, m'malire ndi Canada kumpoto, Mexico kumwera, Nyanja ya Atlantic kummawa, ndi Pacific Ocean kumadzulo. Dera la pamtunda ndi makilomita 9.37 miliyoni, pomwe zigwa zomwe zili pansi pa mamita 500 pamwamba pa nyanja zimakhala ndi 55% ya malo amtunda; malo olimidwa ndi oposa 2.8 biliyoni mu, owerengera oposa 20% ya malo onse ndi 13% ya malo olima dziko lonse lapansi. Komanso, zoposa 70% ya nthaka yolimidwa imakhazikika m'zigwa zazikulu ndi m'madera otsika m'dera lalikulu la kugawa kogwirizana, ndipo nthaka imakhala ndi dothi lakuda lakuda (kuphatikizapo chernozem), nthaka ya chestnut ndi nthaka yakuda yakuda ya calcite. Makamaka, organic zinthu zili mkulu, amene makamaka oyenera kukula kwa mbewu; udzu wachilengedwe ndi 3.63 biliyoni wa mu, zomwe zimapanga 26.5% ya malo onse a nthaka, owerengera 7.9% a dera lachilengedwe la udzu wapadziko lonse lapansi, lomwe lili pachitatu padziko lonse lapansi; dera la nkhalango ndi za 270 miliyoni mahekitala, nkhalango Kuphunzira Mlingo ndi za 33%, ndiko kuti, 1/3 wa dziko m'dera la nkhalango. Kumtunda kuli nyengo ya kumpoto ndi yotentha; nsonga yakumwera kwa Florida ili ndi nyengo yotentha; Alaska ali ndi nyengo yozungulira kontinenti; Hawaii ili ndi nyengo yotentha ya nyanja yamchere; madera ambiri a dzikoli amagwa mvula yambiri komanso yogawanika mofanana, ndipo pafupifupi mvula imagwa 760 mm pachaka.
Malo apadera ameneŵa, nyengo yabwino yosiyana siyana, ndi nthaka yolemera zimachititsa dziko la United States kukhala dziko lotukuka kwambiri pazaulimi.
Kwa zaka zambiri, United States nthawi zonse yakhala ikutsogola pantchito zaulimi padziko lonse lapansi komanso zotumiza kunja. Mwa iwo:
(1) Kulima mbewu. Mwachitsanzo, m’chaka cha 2007, dziko la United States linali ndi minda yokwana 2.076 miliyoni, ndipo zokolola zake zinali pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a zokolola zonse padziko lapansi. Ndilo wogulitsa wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa zinthu zaulimi, monga tirigu 56 (matani miliyoni), komanso wachitatu padziko lonse lapansi. , Kuwerengera 9.3% ya zotulutsa zonse padziko lapansi; zimatumiza kunja 35.5 (matani miliyoni), zomwe zimatengera 32.1% yazinthu zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Chimanga cha 332 (matani miliyoni), choyamba padziko lapansi, chinapanga 42.6% ya chiwerengero chonse cha dziko lapansi; voliyumu yotumiza kunja inali 63 (matani miliyoni), omwe adapanga 64.5% ya kuchuluka kwazinthu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi. Soya ndi 70 (matani miliyoni), yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imapanga 32.0% ya zokolola zonse padziko lapansi; zotumizidwa kunja ndi 29.7 (matani miliyoni), zomwe zimatengera 39.4% ya zinthu zonse padziko lapansi. Mpunga (wokonzedwa) 6.3 (matani mamiliyoni), wa 12 padziko lonse lapansi, wowerengera 1.5% ya dziko lonse lapansi; zotumiza kunja za 3.0 (matani miliyoni), zomwe zimawerengera 9.7% yazogulitsa zonse padziko lapansi. Thonje 21.6 (mabolo miliyoni), wachitatu padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amawerengera 17.7% yazinthu zonse padziko lapansi; imatumiza kunja 13.0 (mabolo miliyoni), zomwe zimatengera 34.9% yazinthu zonse zomwe zimatumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Kuphatikiza apo, zokolola zina ku United States zilinso ndi zabwino zopikisana pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2008, kutulutsa kwa rhizomes ku United States kunali matani 19.96 miliyoni, kuyika nambala 8 padziko lonse lapansi; mtedza wokwana matani 2.335 miliyoni, womwe uli wachinayi padziko lonse lapansi matani 660,000 ogwiriridwa, ndikuyika pa 13 padziko lonse lapansi; matani 27.603 miliyoni a nzimbe, akulemba pa nambala 10 padziko lonse lapansi; matani 26.837 miliyoni a shuga, omwe ali pachitatu padziko lonse lapansi; matani 28.203 miliyoni a zipatso (kupatula mavwende), ndikuyika manai oyamba padziko lapansi; dikirani.
(2) Kuweta ziweto. Dziko la United States nthawi zonse lakhala likuchita bwino kwambiri popanga ndi kutumiza kunja kwa ziweto. Kutengera chitsanzo cha 2008, zinthu zazikulu monga ng'ombe zokwana matani 12.236 miliyoni, zomwe zimawerengera 19% ya dziko lapansi, zomwe zili pamalo oyamba padziko lapansi; nkhumba 10.462 miliyoni matani, owerengera 10% ya linanena bungwe dziko , Udindo wachiwiri mu dziko; 2014.1 miliyoni matani a nkhuku nyama, mlandu 22% ya dziko kupanga, kusanja woyamba mu dziko; mazira 5.339 miliyoni matani, kuwerengera 9% ya dziko kupanga, kukhala wachiwiri padziko lonse; mkaka 86.179 miliyoni matani, mlandu 15% ya linanena bungwe dziko, kusanja woyamba mu dziko; tchizi 4.82 miliyoni matani, mlandu oposa 30% ya linanena bungwe dziko, kusanja woyamba mu dziko.
(3) Kupanga nsomba. Kutengera chitsanzo cha 2007, kupanga nsomba kunali matani 4.109 miliyoni, ndikuyika pachisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe nsomba zam'madzi zinali matani 3.791,000 ndipo nsomba zamadzi am'madzi zinali matani 318,000.
(4) Kupanga zinthu m’nkhalango. Potengera chitsanzo cha 2008, zinthu zazikuluzikulu monga mtedza wa hazelnut zinali matani 33,000, zomwe zili pachitatu padziko lonse lapansi; walnuts anali matani 290,000, omwe anali achiwiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ku United States ndi pafupifupi 300 miliyoni, omwe anthu a ulimi ndi ochepera 2% mwa anthu onse a dzikolo, koma anthu 6 miliyoni okha. Komabe, potsatira mosamalitsa njira yoletsa kubereka, mitundu yambirimbiri padziko lapansi imapangidwa. Mbewu zochuluka, zapamwamba, zoweta ndi zina zaulimi. Chifukwa chake ndikuti kuphatikiza pachilengedwe chapadera, kupambana kwaulimi waku America kuyeneranso kulumikizidwa ndi izi:
1. Lamba waulimi waukulu kwambiri ku United States
Mapangidwe ndi kugawidwa kwa malo ake obzala mbewu ndi chifukwa cha kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwa zinthu zambiri monga nyengo (kutentha, mvula, kuwala, chinyezi, etc.), malo, nthaka, gwero la madzi, chiwerengero cha anthu (msika, ntchito, chuma) ndi zina zotero. Lachitsanzo chodzala chokulirapochi chozikidwa pa malo okhala chingathe kukulitsa ubwino wa chilengedwe kuti apange mphamvu; imathandizira kugawidwa koyenera kwazinthu, kupanga mitundu, komanso kukweza kwa ulimi wazaulimi; imathandizira kupanga makina akuluakulu, kupanga zokhazikika komanso Kupanga Mwapadera ndi kasamalidwe kazaulimi; ndizothandiza pomanga malo akuluakulu osungira madzi ndi zida zina zaulimi komanso kulimbikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo waulimi. Zimathandizira mwachindunji alimi aku America kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zaulimi, ndipo pamapeto pake amakwaniritsa kuchepetsa mtengo komanso phindu Cholinga chakukulitsa.
Malamba obzala ulimi ku United States amagawidwa makamaka m'magawo asanu, omwe:
(1) Lamba wa ng'ombe kumsipu kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi "New England". Amatanthauza zigawo 12 kummawa kwa West Virginia. Chilengedwe ndi nyengo yonyowa komanso yozizira, nthaka yopanda kanthu, nthawi yochepa yopanda chisanu, yomwe si yoyenera kulima, koma yoyenera kukula kwa msipu ndi chimanga cha silage, kotero ndi yoyenera pa chitukuko cha ziweto. Kuphatikiza apo, malowa ndi malo opangira mbatata, maapulo ndi mphesa.
(2) Lamba wa chimanga chakumpoto chapakati. Amatanthauza zigawo 8 pafupi ndi Nyanja Yaikulu. Chilengedwe ndi malo otsika komanso ophwanyika, nthaka yakuya, kutentha kwakukulu m'chilimwe ndi chilimwe, ndi chinyezi chambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chimanga chikule ndi kukula. Choncho, derali lakhala dera lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lolima chimanga; nthawi yomweyo; Ilinso ndilo dera lalikulu kwambiri lopangira soya ku United States, ndipo minda ya soya imapanga 54% ya chiwonkhetso cha dziko; kuwonjezera apo, kupanga tirigu kuno kumakhalanso ndi udindo wofunikira ku United States.
(3) Lamba Watirigu Wachigwa Zazikulu. Ili kumadera apakati ndi kumpoto kwa United States, kutengera zigawo 9. Ichi ndi chigwa chokwera pansi pa mamita 500 pamwamba pa nyanja. Malowa ndi athyathyathya, nthaka ndi yachonde, mvula ndi kutentha zimakhala nthawi imodzi, gwero la madzi ndilokwanira, ndipo nyengo yachisanu imakhala yaitali komanso yozizira kwambiri, yoyenera kukula kwa tirigu. Dera lofesedwa tirigu m’derali nthawi zambiri limatenga 70 peresenti ya dzikolo.
(4) Lamba wa thonje kum’mwera. Makamaka amatanthauza zigawo zisanu za Mississippi Delta pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilengedwe cha dera lino ndi chochepa komanso chophwanyika, nthaka yachonde, yotsika kwambiri, kutentha kokwanira, mvula yambiri m'nyengo ya masika ndi chilimwe ndi autumn youma, yoyenera kukhwima kwa thonje. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a minda ya thonje ya mdziko muno ali ndi malo ofesedwa mahekitala oposa 1.6 miliyoni, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala 36% ya dziko. Pakati pawo, Arkansas ndiyenso dera lalikulu kwambiri lopanga mpunga ku United States, lomwe limatulutsa 43% ya dzikolo. Kuphatikiza apo, kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa United States, kuphatikiza madera a California ndi Arizona River Valley omwe amadziwika kuti "sunbelt", amawerengeranso 22% ya zomwe dzikolo limatulutsa.
(5) Madera aulimi omwe ali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific, makamaka ku Washington, Oregon, ndi California. Lamba waulimi amakhudzidwa ndi Pacific Warm Current, ndipo nyengo ndi yofewa komanso yonyowa, yomwe ili yoyenera kumera kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Zambiri zamasamba, zipatso ndi zipatso zouma ku United States zimachokera kumalo ano; Komanso, ndi wolemera mu mpunga ndi tirigu.
2. Ukadaulo waulimi waku US ndiwotukuka kwambiri
M'mbiri yonse, sayansi yaulimi ndi teknoloji zakhala zikutsogolera ndikuyendetsa njira yonse yachitukuko cha ulimi waku America. Dongosolo lake lalikulu la kafukufuku wasayansi, maphunziro, ndi kukwezedwa kophatikizana ndi ndalama zambiri zakhala zopambana kwambiri, ndipo zathandizira kukwezedwa kwa United States monga bizinesi yaikulu yaulimi padziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko amphamvu achita mbali yaikulu.
Pakalipano, pali malo anayi akuluakulu ofufuza ku United States (ogwirizana ndi Agricultural Research Service ya United States Department of Agriculture), oposa 130 akoleji zaulimi, 56 state experiments zaulimi, 57 federal-state cooperative region stations, ndi mabungwe oposa 3,300 a zaulimi. Pali makoleji 63 a nkhalango, makoleji 27 a zaulimi, asayansi 9,600 a zaulimi, komanso pafupifupi 17,000 ogwira ntchito zaukadaulo waulimi. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mabungwe ofufuza asayansi okwana 1,200 ku United States omwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana pazaulimi. Ntchito zawo zothandizira makamaka zikuphatikizapo kupanga chitukuko ndi kusamutsa zomwe akwaniritsa mu sayansi ndi ukadaulo. Kuphatikiza apo, zabwino zaukadaulo wapamwamba waulimi waku America zikuphatikizidwanso muzinthu zitatu, zomwe ndi makina aulimi, sayansi yazaulimi, komanso chidziwitso chaulimi.
(1) Kulima ndi makina ambiri
Mafamu aku US ali ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zamakina komanso zida zonse zothandizira, monga mathirakitala osiyanasiyana (pafupifupi mayunitsi 5 miliyoni, makamaka pamwamba pa 73.5KW, mpaka 276KW); zokolola zosiyanasiyana (mayunitsi 1.5 miliyoni); makina osiyanasiyana ozama omasulira (chisel chozama kwambiri, kumasula fosholo ya mapiko, kugwedezeka kwakuya ndi kumasula kwa gooseneck, etc.); makina osiyanasiyana okonzekera dothi (ma disk harrows, harrows toothed, rakes rakes, rollers, rippers dothi lopepuka, etc.); Makina obzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana (zobowola tirigu, zoboolera chimanga, zobzala thonje, zofalitsa msipu, ndi zina zotero); makina osiyanasiyana oteteza kubzala (opopera, opopera, makina opangira dothi, makina opangira mbewu, zofalitsa tinthu, etc.) ndi mitundu yonse ya makina ophatikizira ophatikizika ndi mitundu yonse ya ulimi wothirira, kuthirira kowaza, zida zothirira kudontha, etc., makamaka kuzindikira pafupifupi pafupifupi Chilichonse kuyambira pa nthaka yolima, yofesa, yothirira, kuthirira, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mpaka kukolola, kupuntha, kukonza, kunyamula, kusankha, kuyanika, kusunga, ndi zina zotero. Makina opangira mbewu. Pankhani yoweta ziweto ndi nkhuku, makamaka nkhuku ndi ng’ombe, ulimi wa ziweto wayamba kale kugwiritsa ntchito makina ndi makina ambiri monga makina opukusira chakudya, makina okakama, kusunga ndi kukonza mkaka. Pali zinthu zina zambiri zaulimi zomwe zimakonzedwa, zomwezo zimangofunika kukanikiza batani kuti mumalize zokha.
Kupanga kwamakina kwakukulu kotereku kwathandizira kwambiri ulimi waku America. Tsopano, pa avareji, wogwira ntchito zaulimi aliyense m’mafamu a ku Amereka akhoza kulima maekala 450 a nthaka, angasamalire nkhuku 60,000 mpaka 70,000, ng’ombe 5,000, ndi kupanga makilogilamu oposa 100,000 a tirigu. Imapanga nyama yokwana makilogalamu 10,000 ndipo imadyetsa anthu 98 aku America ndi 34 ochokera kunja.
(2) Kutsogola pazaumisiri waulimi padziko lonse lapansi
Chinthu chinanso chofunikira paukadaulo wapamwamba waulimi waku America ndikuti nthawi zonse imayang'ana kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito biotechnology pazaulimi. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera zomwe zakonzedwa bwino ndi sayansi ya zamoyo zingathandize kwambiri kuti nyama ndi zomera zisamathe kudwala, kukolola komanso kupirira matenda. , Zomwe zingawonjezere kwambiri zokolola zantchito zaulimi waku America. Mwachitsanzo, kupita patsogolo kwaumisiri waulimi wachikhalidwe monga kubereketsa mitundu yosakanizidwa kwadzetsa phindu lalikulu pazachuma ku United States. Mwa iwo, mtundu wa chimanga wosakanizidwa wokolola kwambiri uli ndi zokolola za 8697 kg/ha mu 1994, kuwonjezeka kwa 92% kuchokera 1970. %; Nkhumba ina yosakanizidwa yomwe imakonda imatha kuwonjezera kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi 1.5% ndikuchepetsa kudya kwa 5-10%; ndipo ng'ombe zosakanizidwa zapamwamba zimatha kupanga 10-15% ya ng'ombe yambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa ukadaulo wobereketsa umuna wowuma mu ng'ombe za mkaka za ku America, ng'ombe za ng'ombe, nkhosa, nkhumba ndi nkhuku kwawonjezeranso kuchuluka kwa kubalana kwa nyamazi.
Pakali pano, zomera zosinthidwa chibadwa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi yamakono ya zaulimi. Pankhani imeneyi, United States ili patsogolo kwambiri kuposa mayiko ena. Zomera za Transgenic zimatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri wophatikizanso wa DNA kusamutsa mikhalidwe yatsopano yamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso ngakhale nyama kupita ku mbewu zomwe zimafunikira kuti zikhale ndi zokolola zambiri, zosamva tizilombo, zosamva matenda, chilala komanso kusefukira kwa madzi. Mitundu yatsopano ya mbewu zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, gwiritsani ntchito umisiri waumisiri wa chibadwa kuti mulowetse majini ena okhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri m’mbewu za phala kuti mupeze tirigu wokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri ndi chimanga chochuluka; kusamutsa majini ophera tizilombo mu thonje kuti thonje lisamva ku mbozi za thonje; Majini otsika kutentha anapangidwa kukhala tomato kuti apeze tomato wosazizira; majini a cactus anawokedwa m’zomera zatirigu ndi soya, ndipo mitundu yatsopano ya mbewu zokolola zambiri imene ingamere pa nthaka youma ndi youma inapezedwa.
Pofika m’chaka cha 2004, kudzera mu njira yobereketsa ma genetic recombination, dziko la United States lakwanitsa kulima mbewu zambiri zosinthidwa ma majini monga thonje losamva tizilombo, chimanga cholimbana ndi tizilombo, chimanga chosamva mankhwala a herbicide, mbatata yosamva tizilombo, soya wosamva mankhwala a herbicide, canola, ndi thonje. Pakati pawo, mitundu 59 (kuphatikiza mitundu 17 ya chimanga cha biotech, 9 rapeseed, 8 thonje, 6 mitundu ya phwetekere, 4 mitundu ya mbatata, 3 ya soya, 3 mitundu ya beet ya shuga, mitundu iwiri ya dzungu, mpunga, Tirigu, fulakesi, mapapaya, Roman vwende, chikori, ndi bentgrass yodulidwa mphesa (imodzi iliyonse) zavomerezedwa kuti zigulitsidwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri mtundu ndi zokolola za mbewu za ku America Mwachitsanzo, dera la soya la biotech la US mu 2004 linali 2573. Dera la chimanga cha biotech chinali. Mahekitala 14.74 miliyoni, pomwe dera la thonje la sayansi yasayansi linali mahekitala 4.21 miliyoni, lomwe linali lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, dziko la United States lidachulukitsa zokolola ndi mapaundi 6.6 biliyoni ndikuchulukitsa ndalama ndi 2.3 biliyoni za US, koma zolimbana ndi tizilombo. Kuchepetsa kwa 34% ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mapaundi 15.6 miliyoni kwapulumutsa ndalama zambiri kwa alimi aku America ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
M'madera ena a sayansi ya zamoyo zaulimi, United States ilinso ndi mwayi wopikisana nawo. Mwachitsanzo: Pankhani ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, dziko la United States latha kuchotsa zinthu zothandiza kwa adani achilengedwe a tizirombo, kapena kupanga zinthu zapoizoni mwa adani achilengedwe a tizirombo kuti apange mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti ateteze ndi kuwongolera matenda a zomera ndi tizirombo; United States imagwiritsanso ntchito malingaliro a mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso ukadaulo wosintha ma genetic kuti apange Ngati pali tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso poizoni wamphamvu, "amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi mabakiteriya" bola atawapopera tizilombo towononga mbewu, kukwaniritsa cholinga chopha tizilombo komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.
Ponena za nyama zosinthidwa majini, asayansi a ku America anasamutsa mwachipambano majini ena a nyama kupita ku mazira odzala ndi umuna a ng’ombe, nkhumba, nkhosa ndi nyama zina zapakhomo ndi nkhuku, motero kupeza mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya ziweto ndi nkhuku; kuwonjezera apo, United States yagwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira ma genetic kusamutsa zina. Jini ya kukula kwa nyama imasamutsidwa ku mabakiteriya, ndiyeno mabakiteriya amachulukitsa kupanga mahomoni ambiri othandiza. Mahomoniwa amatha kulimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta muzakudya ndi kagayidwe ka nkhuku, potero kumathandizira kukula ndi chitukuko, ndiko kuti, kukulitsa kutulutsa kwa ziweto ndi nkhuku ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwazinthu popanda kuwonjezera kudya.
Pankhani ya kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kupewa ndi kulamulira matenda a ziweto ndi nkhuku, United States yatha kudzipatula ndikugwirizanitsa majeremusi a chitetezo cha mthupi, omwe atenga gawo lalikulu la kuwongolera ndi kuthetsa matenda a ziweto ndi nkhuku; pogwiritsa ntchito biotechnology, dziko la United States lapanganso bwino katemera wa chibadwa ndi mankhwala a nyama. (Kuphatikiza kukula kwa hormone ya ziweto) ndi njira zolondola komanso zozindikira mwachangu komanso zozindikirira.
Kuphatikiza apo, United States imatsogola padziko lonse lapansi makamaka pakufufuza koyambira pazaumisiri waulimi, monga biology ya mamolekyulu a zomera, mapu amitundu ya nyama ndi zomera, ukadaulo woyambitsa ma gene, komanso kuzindikira kromosomu. Ukatswiri wina wa sayansi ya zamankhwala monga uinjiniya wa ma cell a nyama ndi ukadaulo wa cloning ku United States ndiwo akutsogola padziko lonse lapansi. Dziko lilinso ndi ubwino wake.
Pakali pano, ku United States pali makampani 10 mwa makampani 20 apamwamba kwambiri a zaumisiri waulimi padziko lonse lapansi; pali makampani atatu mwa makampani asanu apamwamba ku United States. Izi zikuwonetsa ukadaulo wapamwamba waukadaulo waulimi ku United States.
Tsopano dziko la United States lalowa m'nthawi yosintha kuchoka paulimi wachikale kupita ku ulimi wopangidwa ndi bio-engineered. Chifukwa cha kufala kwa sayansi ya sayansi ya zamoyo m’munda wa ulimi, dziko la United States poyambirira lazindikira kuti likufuna kukonza nyama ndi zomera mogwirizana ndi chifuniro cha anthu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tsogolo la United States lili ndi kuthekera kopanda malire pakuwongolera mitundu, mtundu, ndi zokolola. za ulimi, ndi kuthetsa njala ya anthu. Mwachionekere, sayansi ya zaulimi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti dziko la United States lizionetsetsa kuti likukhala dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pazaulimi.
(3) Zipangizo zamakono zathandiza kuti “ulimi wolondola” ukhale wolondola ku United States
United States ndi dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi kulowa mgulu lachidziwitso. Kutchuka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri wake wamakompyuta ndi intaneti komanso misewu yayikulu yodziwitsa anthu zapangitsa kuti pakhale zofunikira pakudziwitsa zaulimi ku United States. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wazidziwitso walowa m'mbali zonse za ulimi waku America, zomwe zikuthandizira kukwera kwa "ulimi wolondola" ku United States, kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wopangira ulimi waku America, ndikuwongolera bwino kwambiri ulimi waku America ndi ulimi. mpikisano wapadziko lonse wazinthu zaulimi. .
Zigawo zazikulu za ndondomeko yazaulimi yaku US:
a. AGNET, dongosolo la makompyuta a zaulimi, ndilo njira yaikulu kwambiri yodziwitsira zaulimi padziko lonse lapansi. Dongosololi limakhudza mayiko 46 ku United States, zigawo 6 ku Canada ndi mayiko 7 kunja kwa United States ndi Canada, ndikulumikiza dipatimenti yaulimi ya United States, dipatimenti yaulimi m'maiko 15, mayunivesite 36 ndi mabizinesi ambiri azaulimi. .
b. Zosungidwa zaulimi, kuphatikiza zosungira zaulimi komanso zolemba zazachuma zaulimi. Zosungirako zaulimi ndi pulojekiti yofunikira yodziwitsa zaulimi. Chifukwa chake, boma la US, mayunivesite, mabungwe ofufuza zasayansi, malaibulale amitundu yonse, komanso mabizinesi odziwika bwino azakudya ndi zaulimi amawona kufunikira kwakukulu pakumanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe, monga National Crop Variety Resources yokhazikitsidwa ndi dipatimenti yaulimi ku United States. Dongosolo loyang'anira zidziwitso limapereka chithandizo cha zitsanzo 600,000 zazakudya zoweta zaulimi ku United States. Pakalipano, pali 428 zosungira zaulimi zamagetsi zomwe zalembedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi ku US. Chodziwika kwambiri komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi nkhokwe ya A-GRICOLA yopangidwa ndi National Library of Agriculture ndi dipatimenti yaulimi. Lili ndi makope oposa 100,000. Agricultural Science and Technology Reference References.
c. Mawebusayiti odziwa zambiri zaulimi, monga njira yolumikizira chidziwitso cha soya yomwe yapangidwa posachedwapa ku United States, imakhudza ukadaulo ndi magwiridwe antchito a ulalo uliwonse wa ulimi wa soya wapadziko lonse ndi wapakhomo, kagulitsidwe ndi kutsatsa; pa mapeto ena a dongosolo maukonde ndi ambiri akatswiri chinkhoswe soya kafukufuku. Kumapeto kwina kuli alimi omwe akupanga soya, zomwe zimatha kupereka zoposa 50 zopangira, zoperekera komanso zotsatsa mwezi uliwonse.
d. E-mail system, njira yodziwitsa zaulimi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi dipatimenti yazaulimi ya US ndikusinthidwa kudzera ku dipatimenti ya Information Agriculture Information Center, yolumikizidwa ndi intaneti. Pakati pawo, ndi Agricultural Market Service Bureau yokha, yomwe makompyuta awo amayendetsa pafupifupi 50 miliyoni zamalonda tsiku lililonse.
e. Ukadaulo wa 3S ndiukadaulo waulimi wakutali (RS), geographic information system (GIS) ndi global satellite positioning system (GPS). Aka ndi kachitidwe koyamba padziko lonse lapansi kukhazikitsidwa ndi United States pakuyerekeza zokolola zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kupanga molondola zaulimi. .
f. Radio Frequency Identification System (RFID). Ndi mtundu wosalumikizana womwe umagwiritsa ntchito maginito kapena ma electromagnetic field coupling ndi kusinthasintha kwa ma frequency a wailesi ndi ukadaulo wotsitsa kuti azindikire zodziwikiratu ndikutsata zomwe akufuna.
Zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi gawo lokha la chidziwitso chaulimi ku US.
Ku United States kuli alimi oposa 2 miliyoni. Kodi amagwiritsa ntchito bwanji zidziwitsozi kuti apeze ulimi wolondola?
Choyamba, kudzera mu dongosolo lazidziwitso zapaintaneti, alimi aku America atha kupeza zidziwitso zamsika munthawi yake, kwathunthu, komanso mosalekeza, ndikugwiritsa ntchito izi kuti asinthe zokolola zawo zaulimi ndi njira zogulitsira zaulimi kuti ziwapangitse kukhala olunjika komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha ntchito yakhungu. . Mwachitsanzo, alimi atadziwa zaposachedwa kwambiri za malo opangira zinthu zaulimi ndi mitengo yam'tsogolo, kufunikira kwa msika wapadziko lonse ndi wapakhomo, kuchuluka kwa zokolola zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zapakhomo, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zolowa ndi kutumiza kunja, ndi zina zotero, alimi atha kusankha zomwe akufuna kupanga, kuchuluka kwa momwe angatulutsire komanso momwe angapangire. kugulitsa pofuna kupewa tsogolo la ulimi. Kapena ataphunzira zakusintha kwa mitundu ya mbewu, nyengo ndi zina, mlimi atha kudziwanso mtundu wa mbewu zomwe angagule, njira zobzala zomwe ayenera kutengera, komanso nthawi yobzala mbewu yomwe ingapereke zokolola zambiri. kuti mupeze phindu lalikulu;
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, angathenso kuchita zokambirana zaulimi kapena kugula zipangizo zoyenera zaulimi ndi mankhwala oyenera ophera tizilombo pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono laulimi, makina atsopano aulimi, zinyama ndi zomera zowononga tizilombo ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, mlimi wina wa ku Kansas ku United States, dzina lake Ken Polmugreen, anazoloŵera kuyang’anira zinthu zokhudza nyengo ya dziko lapansi, mmene zinthu zilili m’mbewu, ndiponso mitengo yogulira mbewu pa Intaneti. Ataphunzira kuti boma la Aigupto likufuna kugula tirigu wambiri "woyera kwambiri", adadziwa kuti tirigu wamtunduwu udzakhala chinthu chotentha pamsika chaka chino, kotero adasintha mitundu ya tirigu yomwe idabzalidwa nyengo ino ndipo potsiriza anapanga zambiri. phindu.
Chachiwiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa 3S, womwe ndi ukadaulo waulimi wakutali (RS), geographic information system (GIS) ndi global satellite positioning system (GPS) kuti akwaniritse kubzala mbewu moyenera.
Tekinoloje yowonera kutali (RS) imatanthawuza zowunikira zowoneka bwino, ma infrared, ma microwave ndi ma waveband ena (multi-spectral) okhala ndi magalimoto apamlengalenga kuti agwiritse ntchito mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa mbewu ndi dothi pamafunde amagetsi kuti apeze mbewu ndi dothi zosiyanasiyana. malo. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira ndikuwunika momwe nitrogen alili, kakulidwe, zokolola, tizirombo ndi matenda a mbewu, komanso mchere wam'nthaka, chipululu, nyengo ndi kukokoloka, komanso kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa madzi ndi zakudya.
Geographic Information System (GIS), pambuyo polandira ndi kukonza deta yakutali, deta ya GPS, ndi deta yosonkhanitsidwa pamanja ndi kutumizidwa, dongosololi likhoza kupanga mapu a digito a famuyo, yomwe imakhala ndi chidziwitso cha mbewu ndi chidziwitso cha nthaka ya dera lililonse.
Global Positioning System (GPS) imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poyika malo komanso kuyenda.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa 3S, alimi amatha kusintha moyenera dothi ndi kasamalidwe ka mbewu malinga ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zakumunda. Mwachitsanzo, pothira feteleza, pamene thirakitala yaikulu (yokhala ndi cholandirira GPS chokhala ndi chiwonetsero ndi purosesa ya data) ) Popopera feteleza m'munda, chophimba chowonetsera chimatha kuwonetsa zithunzi ziwiri zomwe zikudutsa nthawi imodzi, imodzi ndi digito. mapu (amadziwika ndi mtundu wa nthaka wa chiwembu chilichonse, nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu okhutira, zokolola pa mbewu m'nyengo yapita, ndi zokolola index wa chaka chino. Ndi zina zotero), wina ndi gululi kugwirizanitsa mapu (omwe angasonyeze malo a chiwembu chomwe thirakitala ili nthawi iliyonse kutengera zizindikiro za GPS). Nthawi yomweyo, purosesa ya data imatha kuwerengera chiwembu chilichonse motengera mapu a digito a chiwembu chilichonse chokonzekeratu. Chiŵerengero cha kagawidwe ka feteleza ndi kuchuluka kwa utsi wa malowo, ndi kupereka malangizo kwa makina opoperapo mankhwala okhawo.
Njira yomweyi ndi yoyenera kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo; Komanso, dongosolo akhoza basi kudziwa nthawi kuthirira ndi feteleza malinga ndi nthaka chinyezi ndi kukula kwa mbewu. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo waulimi wolondolawu kumatha kupulumutsa 10% ya feteleza, 23% ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi 25 kg yambewu pa hekitala; nthawi yomweyo, imatha kuwonjezera zokolola za tirigu ndi chimanga ndi 15%.
Chachitatu ndi kukwaniritsa kasamalidwe bwino ka kuŵeta ziweto kudzera pa wailesi ya radio frequency identification system (RFID).
Makina ozindikiritsa ma radio frequency RFID amapangidwa makamaka ndi ma tag apakompyuta ndi owerenga. Chizindikiro chilichonse chamagetsi chimakhala ndi code yapadera yamagetsi, ndipo owerenga ali ndi mitundu iwiri: yokhazikika komanso yogwira pamanja.
M'munda waulimi ku United States, machitidwe a RFID nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ndi kutsatira nyama zapakhomo, makamaka ng'ombe. Mfundo yake ndi kuika ma tag a pakompyuta m’makutu a ng’ombe, omwe amalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane deta yamagetsi ya ng’ombe, monga zamagetsi za ng’ombe. Code, kumene inachokera, zaka, zambiri za mtundu, kuikidwa kwaokha ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, zambiri za matenda, mibadwo ya makolo ndi kubereka, ndi zina zotero. Ng'ombe ikalowa m'gulu la owerenga, chizindikiro chamagetsi pa khutu la ng'ombe chidzalandira chizindikiro cha wailesi. kuchokera kwa owerenga Induction panopa amapangidwa kuti apeze mphamvu, ndiyeno deta yamagetsi monga code yamagetsi yomwe imanyamula yokha imatumizidwa kwa owerenga kuti awerenge ndikutumizidwa ku dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka chidziwitso cha zinyama, kuti anthu adziwe kuti ndi ndani. ng'ombe, etc., motero kuzindikira ufulu ng'ombe iyi. Kuzindikirika ndi kulondola ng’ombe kwalimbikitsa mlimi kuti azitha kusamalira bwino ng’ombe.
Mfundoyi ndi yofanana pozindikiritsa ndi kufufuza ziweto zina osati ng'ombe.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira yonse yazaulimi kuyambira kupanga, zoyendetsa, zosungira mpaka kukonza ndi kugulitsa zitha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yozindikiritsa ma frequency a wailesi ya RFID, yomwe imathandizira anthu kutsatira ndikuzindikira zaulimi kuchokera patebulo kupita kumunda, kuwongolera kwambiri chitetezo cha chakudya cha United States. Kuthekera kwa chitsimikizo komanso kuchita bwino kwa ulimi ku United States.
3. Dziko la US lili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la chitukuko chaulimi
Zomwe timakonda kunena m'mbuyomu zimakonda kubzala ndi kuswana kwachikhalidwe. Komabe, ulimi m’lingaliro lamakono limaphatikizapo osati kubzala ndi kuswana kokha, komanso makina aulimi, mbewu, feteleza wamankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chakudya, mafakitale aulimi a Kumtunda kwa mtsinje monga mafuta, ukadaulo, ndi ntchito zodziwitsa anthu, komanso mafakitale akumunsi monga zoyendera, kusungirako, kukonza, kulongedza, malonda, ndi nsalu, ali ndi makampani oyambirira, makampani apamwamba komanso apamwamba. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuzungulira ulimi waulimi, ulimi wamakono wapanga unyolo wathunthu wamakampani aulimi kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumtunda, womwe ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la mafakitale. Mwachiwonekere, ngati imodzi mwa maunyolowa yatsekedwa, izi zidzakhudza kwambiri kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kazaulimi, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti ntchito zaulimi zizitsika kwambiri.
Choncho, chitukuko cha ulimi wamakono ayenera kupanga organic ndi ogwirizana lonse la mafakitale onse mu unyolo uwu, kulabadira bwino ndi kugwirizana chitukuko cha ulalo uliwonse, ndi bwino kupanga imodzi amasiya chitsanzo cha ulimi, mafakitale ndi malonda, ndi kupanga. , katundu ndi malonda; ndikugwiritsa ntchito makampani amakono Njira yoyendetsera ulimi ndikukhala wokhazikika pamsika ndikukulitsa kugawa kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kuyikapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira kuti zitsimikizire mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri, zokolola zambiri komanso phindu lalikulu lazachuma. Uwu ndi ulimi wophatikizika, womwe a Kumadzulo amautcha kuti ulimi wa mafakitale.
United States ndi komwe kumachokera mafakitale azaulimi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo apanga njira yokhwima kwambiri komanso yotukuka yopititsa patsogolo ulimi.
(1) Mitundu yayikulu yamabungwe azachuma ku United States:
A. Kuphatikizana molunjika kumatanthauza kuti bizinesi imodzi imamaliza ntchito yonse yopanga, kukonza ndi kugulitsa zinthu zaulimi. Mwachitsanzo, Del Monte, yoyendetsedwa ndi California Consortium, ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yowotchera masamba. Imagwira maekala 800,000 a malo kunyumba ndi kunja, ndi minda 38, malo opangira zinthu 54, mafakitale 13 opangira zitini, ndi malo 6 otumizira magalimoto. , 1 malo onyamula katundu m'madzi, 1 malo operekera katundu wa ndege ndi malo ogawa 10, komanso malo odyera 24, ndi zina zotero.
B. Kuphatikiza kopingasa, ndiko kuti, mabizinesi kapena mafamu osiyanasiyana amapanga, kukonza, ndi kugulitsa zinthu zaulimi molingana ndi mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, kampani ya Penfield ya ku Pennsylvania, monga mgwirizano, inagwirizanitsa minda ya nkhuku 98 kuti ikhale yokhazikika pa kuweta nkhuku ndi nkhuku zoikira. Kampaniyi imapereka oweta, chakudya, mafuta, mankhwala ndi zida zina ku ziweto za nkhuku, ndipo ili ndi udindo wogula nkhuku. Nkhuku za nkhuku zomalizidwa ndi mazira a pafamuyo amawakonza ndi kugulitsidwa.
C. Gulu lachitatu ndi loti minda ndi makampani osiyanasiyana amapanga, kukonza, ndi kugulitsa molingana ndi zizindikiro zamtengo wa msika. Mofanana ndi chitsanzo cha bizinesi cha dziko langa "akatswiri amsika + a alimi", ichi ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha bizinesi ku United States, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpikisano wokwanira pamalumikizidwe osiyanasiyana monga ulimi, kukonza, ndi malonda, potero kuthetsa zoopsa zosiyanasiyana zamalonda.
(2) Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pakukula kwaulimi ku United States ndikuti mafakitale obzala ndi kuswana ku United States apeza luso lachigawo, masanjidwe akulu, ndi makina, kukulitsa, kugulitsa malonda, ndi kuyanjana kwaulimi.
Kukhazikika kwachigawo komanso masanjidwe akulu ndizomwe zimawonekera pakupanga ulimi waku America. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo chapakati ndi kumpoto chakum’maŵa chimalima makamaka chimanga, soya ndi tirigu, kum’mwera kwa gombe la Pacific makamaka kuli zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo kum’mwera kwa chigawo cha Atlantic n’chotchuka chifukwa cha madera ake opangira fodya. Dikirani; pali ngakhale mayiko 5 ku United States omwe amalima mbewu imodzi yokha, ndipo mayiko anayi amalima mitundu iwiri yokha ya mbewu. Texas ili ndi 14% ya ng'ombe za ng'ombe za dzikolo, ndipo nkhumba za ku Iowa ndizo zonse za dziko. Arkansas ndi dera lalikulu kwambiri lopanga mpunga ku United States (43% ya zomwe dzikolo limatulutsa), ndipo gulu lamakampani la vinyo la California lili ndi opanga ma winemaker 680 ndi alimi masauzande a mphesa, ndi zina zotero; pakali pano, United States Chiŵerengero chapadera cha minda ya thonje ndi 79.6%, minda yamasamba 87.3%, minda yolima munda 81.1%, minda yaminda yamaluwa 98.5%, minda yamitengo ya zipatso 96.3%, minda yang'ombe 87.9%, minda ya mkaka 84.2%, ndi minda ya nkhuku 96.3%; Malamba asanu ndi anayi akuluakulu a zaulimi ku United States ndi malo odziwika bwino kwambiri opangira zaulimi, omwe pang'onopang'ono apanga magulu akulu akulu azaulimi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira ulimi kumatanthauza kuti United States yakwanitsa kugwira ntchito zamakina pafupifupi madera onse a ulimi.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ntchito zaulimi, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwaukadaulo waukadaulo pantchito yazaulimi ku United States, kwathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa ulimi ku United States. Kukwera kwa "ulimi wolondola" ndi umboni wabwino kwambiri.
Kupititsa patsogolo ulimi waulimi kumatanthawuza kupanga zinthu zaulimi zomwe zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zokhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito luso lapadera komanso ntchito yolumikizana motsatira mfundo zopangira fakitale. Makhalidwe a anthu ogwira ntchito ali pafupi ndi mafakitale. Mwachitsanzo, ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso zimakololedwa m’munda. Kutumizidwa ku fakitale, pambuyo pa kulembetsa ndi kulemera, kumalowetsa mzere wopangira kuyeretsa, kuwerengera, kulongedza, firiji, ndi zina zotero; palinso ulimi woweta nyama waku America, kuyambira kuswana, kuswana, kupanga mazira ndi mkaka, ndi zina zambiri, ndi makampani apadera molingana ndi miyezo Njira, mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa kupanga, ndi zina zotero.
Ndi kuyanjana kwa ntchito zopanga zaulimi, minda yaku America nthawi zambiri imakhala minda ya mabanja. Ngakhale famu yayikulu yokhala ndi mahekitala 530-1333 imakhala ndi anthu atatu kapena asanu okha. Ntchito yaikulu yotereyi imadalira famu yokha. , Mwachionekere wosakhoza. Komabe, njira yothandiza anthu pantchito zaulimi ku United States yatukuka kwambiri. Pali makampani ambiri apadera azaulimi m'derali. Kupereka zinthu zopangira zinthu zisanapangidwe, malo olimako, kufesa, kuthira feteleza, ndi kukolola panthawi yopanga, ngakhale pambuyo popanga. Transport, kusungirako, malonda, etc., bola muyimba foni, wina adzabwera pakhomo panu pakapita nthawi.
Kukhazikika, kukula, kumakina, kukulitsa, komanso kuyanjana ndi anthu ndi njira zogwirira ntchito masiku ano. Atagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaulimi, adayambitsa bwino njira zopangira ulimi waku America ndikuwongolera kwambiri ulimi waku America. Mlingo wa mafakitale ndi kupanga bwino.
(3) Ndi mabizinesi akulu akulu azaulimi okonza ndi kutsatsa malonda ku United States omwe amawongolera njira yokweza mafakitale ku United States.
Amalonda anayi akuluakulu a tirigu padziko lapansi (amalamulira 80% ya kuchuluka kwa malonda a tirigu padziko lapansi ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zodziwikiratu zamitengo), alipo atatu ku United States, omwe ndi ADM, Bunge ndi Cargill, omwe ali pamwamba pa atatu opanga tirigu padziko lonse A super -makampani akuluakulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana m'makampani khumi apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi ogulitsa zakudya ndi mafuta; pakati pa makampani khumi apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi opanga zakudya, asanu ndi mmodzi ali ku United States, ndipo Kraft ndi Tyson ali m'gulu la opambana; ndipo asanu mwa anthu khumi ogulitsa zakudya padziko lonse lapansi ali ku United States , Wal-Mart wakhala mtsogoleri nthawi zonse; mwa iwo:
ADM ili ndi mafakitale okwana 270 padziko lonse lapansi omwe akugwira ntchito yokonza ndi kupanga zinthu zaulimi monga tirigu ndi mafuta odyedwa. Pakali pano ndi chophwanyira soya chachikulu kwambiri ku United States, ndichopanga chimanga chachikulu kwambiri chonyowa, chachiwiri pakupanga ufa wambiri, komanso chachiwiri pakusunga mbewu ndi zoyendera. Ndilo gulu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopangira mbewu ndi mbewu zamafuta, lomwe limapanga mochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi la ethanol, komanso lachisanu padziko lonse lapansi logulitsa mbewu kunja. Mchaka cha 2010, ndalama zoyendetsera ADM zinali 69.2 biliyoni, zomwe zidakhala pa nambala 88 pakati pamakampani 500 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Bunge lili ndi malo opangira mbewu ndi mafuta opitilira 450 m'maiko 32 padziko lonse lapansi, ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito za yuan biliyoni 41.9 mu 2010, zomwe zili pa nambala 172 pakati pamakampani 500 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pakadali pano, Bunge ndiye purosesa wamkulu kwambiri wa chimanga ku United States, wachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi wogulitsa soya (ufa wa soya ndi mafuta a soya) komanso purosesa yachitatu yayikulu kwambiri ya soya, malo achinayi osungiramo mbewu ku US, ndi wachinayi padziko lonse lapansi wogulitsa mbewu. padziko lapansi, ndi mbewu zazikulu kwambiri zamafuta. Purosesa yokolola.
Cargill pakali pano ikugwira ntchito m'mafakitole 1,104 m'maiko 59 ndipo ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri yopanga chakudya cha chimanga ku United States. Lili ndi 188 feed mphero ndipo amadziwika kuti "feed king" padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, Cargill ndi kampani yachitatu yayikulu yopanga ufa ku United States; United States Chigawo chachitatu chopha nyama, cholongedza ndi kukonza nyama; kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yogulitsa tirigu, yokhala ndi nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri ku United States.
Kraft Foods ndi yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga zakudya zophikidwa pambuyo pa Nestlé Foods yaku Switzerland. Imagwira ntchito m'maiko opitilira 70 ndipo zogulitsa zake zimagawidwa m'maiko opitilira 150 padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2010, ndalama zake zogwirira ntchito zidali 40.4 biliyoni, zomwe zidakhala pakati pa 500 apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi. Adayikidwa pa 179th pakati pamakampani amphamvu. Zogulitsa zazikulu ndi khofi, maswiti, agalu otentha, mabisiketi ndi tchizi, ndi zina zamkaka.
Tyson Foods Co., Ltd., yomwe idapeza ndalama zokwana 27.2 biliyoni mu 2010, ili pa nambala 297 pakati pamakampani 500 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ndilo kampani yaikulu padziko lonse yopanga zakudya zophikidwa ndi nkhuku. Panopa ili ndi malo asanu ndi anayi mwa malo odyera 100 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama ya ng'ombe ya Tyson, nkhumba, ndi nsomba zam'madzi zimakhalanso ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zimagulitsidwa m'maiko opitilira 54.
Wal-Mart ndiye malo ogulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, omwe ali ndi masitolo opitilira 6,600 padziko lonse lapansi. Kugulitsa zakudya ndi imodzi mwamabizinesi ake ofunikira kwambiri. Mu 2010, Wal-Mart adakhala woyamba pa 500 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito za yuan biliyoni 408.2.
Makampani akuluakulu opangira zinthu zaulimi ndi malonda amadalira ubwino wa chidziwitso, kafukufuku wamakono ndi chitukuko, ndalama ndi malonda kuti azichita zinthu zambiri zaulimi kuti awonjezere mtengo wowonjezera wazinthu zaulimi, ndikufufuza mwakhama misika yapakhomo ndi yapadziko lonse. kukulitsa kukula kwa kupanga ndikuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsa ulimi ku United States. Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zogulitsira ndi kutsatsa, ulimi, mafakitale ndi malonda kwatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukweza mpikisano wokwanira komanso kupanga bwino kwaulimi waku America, ndipo kwalimbikitsa mwachindunji chitukuko cha minda ya mabanja aku America komanso kutukuka kwaulimi waku America.
(4) US otukuka kumtunda kwaulimi mafakitale monga ulimi makina, mbewu, feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo apereka maziko olimba chuma kwa mafakitale a ulimi US.
Pakati pawo, John Deere ndi Case New Holland ndi zimphona pamakampani opanga makina aulimi padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe Monsanto, DuPont, ndi Maison ali ndi maudindo otsogola m'mafakitale apadziko lonse a mbewu, feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo:
John Deere ndiye wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wopanga makina aulimi. Ndiwodziwika padziko lonse lapansi popanga mathirakitala okwera pamahatchi okwera kwambiri komanso ophatikizira okolola, komanso zinthu zina zamakina ophatikizika komanso zamakina. Mu 2010, idakhala pakati pa anthu 500 apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi omwe amapeza ndalama zokwana 23.1 biliyoni. Kampaniyo ili pa 372 ndipo pakadali pano ili ndi mafakitale m'maiko 17, ndipo zogulitsa zake zimagulitsidwa m'maiko ndi zigawo zopitilira 160 padziko lonse lapansi.
Kampani ya Case New Holland Company (malikulu, malo olembetsera, ndi malo opangira zinthu zazikulu zili ku United States), zogulitsa zazikulu ndi “Case” ndi “New Holland” mitundu iwiri ya mathirakitala aulimi, ophatikizira okolola ndi oboola, otola thonje, okolola nzimbe ndi mndandanda wina wa makina aulimi. Ili ndi maziko opangira 39, malo 26 a R&D ndi ma 22 ogwirizana m'maiko 15. Zogulitsa zake zimagulitsidwa kumayiko ndi zigawo zoposa 160 kudzera mwa ogawa 11,500 padziko lonse lapansi. Zogulitsa pachaka zimaposa madola 16 biliyoni aku US.
Monsanto makamaka ndi kampani yamayiko osiyanasiyana yazaulimi yazaulimi, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito biotechnology kupanga misika yambewu ndi mankhwala ophera udzu. Mbewu zake za 4 (chimanga, soya, thonje ndi tirigu) ndi "Nongda" (glyphosate) mndandanda wa Herbicides wabweretsa phindu lalikulu ku Monsanto. Mu 2006, ndalama zambewu za Monsanto zinali pafupifupi US $ 4.5 biliyoni, zomwe zimapangitsa 20% ya malonda padziko lonse lapansi. Pakali pano, Monsanto ndi kampani yaikulu kwambiri yambewu padziko lonse lapansi, ikulamulira 23% mpaka 41% ya mbewu zapadziko lonse zambewu ndi masamba. Makamaka pamsika wambewu wosinthidwa chibadwa, Monsanto yakhala chimphona chokhazikika chokhala ndi zokolola zopitilira 90% zapadziko lonse lapansi. Mbewu zosinthidwa chibadwa zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito luso lake lovomerezeka.
DuPont ndi kampani yayikulu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala, yomwe ili pa nambala 296 pa 500 apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mu 2010, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi ake kumakhudza mafakitale opitilira 20 monga makampani opanga mankhwala ndi ulimi. Mwa iwo, mbewu za DuPont ndi chimanga, soya, manyuchi, mpendadzuwa, thonje, mpunga ndi tirigu. Mu 2006, ndalama zomwe DuPont idapeza mbewu zidali pafupifupi US $ 2.8 biliyoni, zomwe zidapangitsa kukhala kampani yachiwiri yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, Kupalira, kutsekereza kwa DuPont ndi Mankhwala atatu apamwamba kwambiri ophera tizilombo amadziwikanso padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pawo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a DuPont amaphatikizapo zinthu zoposa zisanu ndi zitatu monga Kangkuan, mitundu yoposa khumi ya mankhwala ophera bowa monga Xinwansheng, ndi mitundu yoposa isanu ndi iwiri ya mankhwala ophera udzu monga Daojiang. Mu 2007 kugulitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku DuPont kudaposa US$2.7 biliyoni, yomwe ili pachisanu padziko lonse lapansi.
Feteleza wa kampaniyi amagulitsidwa m’maiko 33 m’makontinenti asanu. Pakali pano ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopanga ndi kugulitsa feteleza wa mankwala amene amatha kupanga matani 12.08 miliyoni pachaka, zomwe zimapanga pafupifupi 17% ya mphamvu zopangira feteleza wa phosphate padziko lonse ndi 58% ya mphamvu yopangira feteleza wa phosphate ku US; Nthawi yomweyo, Legg Mason ndiyenso wachitatu padziko lonse lapansi wopanga feteleza wa potashi padziko lonse lapansi komanso m'modzi mwa omwe amapereka feteleza wamkulu wa nayitrogeni padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amapanga matani 9.277 miliyoni a feteleza wokwanira wa potashi ndi matani miliyoni 1.19 akugulitsa feteleza wa nayitrogeni.
(5) Kuphatikiza apo, mabungwe azaulimi aku America nawonso atenga gawo lofunikira polimbikitsa chitukuko cha ulimi waku America:
Mabungwe azaulimi aku America ndi mabungwe otayirira omwe amapangidwa mwachisawawa ndi alimi pawokha poganizira zokolola zawo ndi malonda awo malinga ndi msika, ndipo cholinga chawo ndikuthandizana ndikupindulitsa mamembala. Kumidzi yaku America, mabungwe azaulimi ndi otchuka kwambiri, ndipo pali mitundu itatu ikuluikulu: ma cooperative opereka ndi kutsatsa, ma cooperatives, ndi ma cooperative angongole. Mu 2002, ku United States kunali mabungwe oposa 3,000 a zaulimi omwe ali ndi mamembala 2.79 miliyoni, kuphatikizapo mabungwe 2,760 ogulitsa ndi malonda ndi mabungwe 380 ogwira ntchito.
Monga bungwe lopanda phindu lothandizira pakati pa minda ya mabanja ndi msika, mabungwe azaulimi amasonkhanitsa alimi obalalika kuti alumikizane ndi msika, ndipo onse, adagwirizanitsa zokambirana zakunja, kugula zinthu zolumikizana, kugulitsa zinthu zaulimi mogwirizana, ndi ntchito zolumikizana. Gwirizanitsani kuopsa kwa msika. Izi sizimangoteteza ufulu wa mafamu a mabanja kuti azipanga paokha, komanso zimathandiza alimi kuthetsa mavuto ambiri monga ndalama zangongole, zopangira zaulimi, zotsalira zaulimi, kuchepetsa mitengo yamkati, komanso kukwezeleza ukadaulo waulimi, ndi zina zambiri, potero kuchepetsa mtengo wa Production. achita bwino komanso alimbikitsa ulimi.
M'kati mwa chitukuko chaulimi ku United States, kuwonjezera pa ulimi waulimi, ma cooperatives aulimi adasewera gawo lalikulu la chitukuko chaulimi ku United States. Kumbali ina, mabungwe a zaulimi atha kupatsa alimi zipangizo zoyenera kuti azichita nawo ulimi. , Monga makina aulimi ndi zida zosinthira, mbewu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chakudya, feteleza, mafuta amafuta ndi zinthu zina; kapena akhoza kuchitapo kanthu pokonza ndi kugulitsa zinthu zaulimi, monga kukonza ndi kugulitsa thonje, mkaka, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, mbewu ndi mafuta, ziweto ndi nkhuku, zipatso zouma, mpunga, shuga ndi zinthu zina zaulimi; ndikupereka ntchito zokhudzana ndi kupanga, malonda ndi kugula zinthu, monga kupereka thonje gin, kayendedwe ka galimoto, kubzala pamanja, kusunga, kuyanika, ndi mauthenga ndi luso lamakono; Wina Komano, monga bungwe lapakati, mabungwe azaulimi akhazikitsa ubale wokhazikika pakati pa alimi ndi mabizinesi osiyanasiyana amakampani ndi malonda kudzera pakuperekera, kutsatsa, kukonza, ndi ntchito, ndikuyika maziko a ntchito zophatikizika zamafakitale osiyanasiyana ku United States. Mayiko. Mwachiwonekere, zaulimi Udindo wapakati wa ma cooperative walimbikitsa kwambiri njira yotukula mafakitale ku United States.
4. Dziko la US limathandizira ulimi kwambiri
M’zaka zoposa 200 zokha, dziko la United States laposa maiko ambiri odziŵika ndi chitukuko chaulimi n’kukhala likulu lazaulimi padziko lonse. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika kwambiri n’chakuti maboma otsatizanatsatizana a dziko la United States aona ulimi ngati gwero la moyo wachuma cha dziko ndipo alandira chithandizo champhamvu. Ndondomeko yoperekeza ulimi motsatira malamulo a zaulimi, zomangamanga zaulimi, thandizo la ndalama, thandizo la ndalama, kuchotsera msonkho, ndi zina zotero, yalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko chaulimi ku United States:
(1) Malamulo a zaulimi
Cholinga chake ndi kuteteza ulimi mwalamulo ndikuyendetsa ulimi mwalamulo. Pakali pano, dziko la United States lakhazikitsa dongosolo lazamalamulo lazaulimi lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika pamalamulo a zaulimi ndipo limathandizidwa ndi malamulo apadera opitilira 100.
A. Lamulo la Zaulimi, kutanthauza “Agricultural Adjustment Act” lomwe linaperekedwa ndi Congress ya ku United States mu December 1933, cholinga chake chachikulu ndicho kuthetsa vuto la kuchulutsa kwachuma, kuonjezera mitengo ya zinthu zaulimi, ndi kuonjezera ndalama za alimi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, lamuloli lakhala likusinthidwa 17 m'nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ndikuyika maziko oyendetsera ntchito zonse zachuma zaulimi waku America.
B. Malamulo okhudzana ndi chitukuko ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka yaulimi. Mwa iwo, malamulo opitilira 8 monga Homestead Law ndi Land-Grant College Law ali ndi chikoka chachikulu. Malamulowa athandiza kuti nthaka ikhale yabizinesi ku United States, ndikusunga malo abwino kwambiri ogwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, ndipo mwalamulo Lakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera ndi kugwirizanitsa malo aumwini.
C. Malamulo okhudzana ndi zipangizo zaulimi ndi ngongole zaulimi. Kuphatikiza pa malamulo a zaulimi, palinso malamulo opitilira 10 monga “Agricultural Loan Act” omwe amapereka mwatsatanetsatane malamulo okhudza zaulimi ndi ngongole zaulimi ku United States, kuti akhazikitse ndikuwongolera bizinesi yayikulu yaulimi mdziko muno. Ndondomeko ya ngongole yapereka ndalama zambiri.
D. Malamulo okhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa chithandizo ndi chitetezo cha mtengo wazinthu zaulimi. Kuphatikiza pa malamulo a zaulimi, malamulo opitilira asanu kuphatikiza Agricultural Product Sales Agreement Act atengapo gawo lalikulu pakufalitsa zaulimi ku United States komanso kuthandizira pamitengo yazaulimi.
E. Malamulo okhudzana ndi malonda apadziko lonse a zinthu zaulimi, monga “Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996”, achotsa zolepheretsa alimi a ku America kulowa mumsika wapadziko lonse pawokha, ndipo akulitsa kwambiri kutumizidwa kwa zinthu zaulimi zaku America.
F. Malamulo okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo Natural Resources Protection and Restoration Act ndi malamulo oposa anayi omwe amateteza zachilengedwe ku United States poteteza nthaka, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi, kupewa kuipitsa madzi, ndi kulamulira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zathandiza kwambiri kuti chilengedwe chisamayende bwino.
G. Malamulo ena omwe amawongolera ubale wachuma pazaulimi ku United States, monga Cooperative Promotion Act, Afforestation Act, Fisheries Conservation and Management Act, Federal Crop Insurance Act, ndi Disaster Relief Act, ndi zina zotero.
(2) Kumanga zomangamanga zaulimi
M'zaka zana zapitazi, pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko chaulimi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ulimi ndiwo maziko a chuma cha dziko, United States yakhala ikulimbitsa zomangamanga zaulimi ndi malo osungira madzi a m'mafamu, kayendedwe ka kumidzi, magetsi, mauthenga a telefoni ndi intaneti nkhani zazikulu. Zomangamanga zaulimi wa Heahe zatha kwambiri, ndipo zathandizira kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti ulimi waku America ndi wamakono. Njira yake yeniyeni:
Yoyamba ndi yomanga malo osungirako madzi a Daxing farmland. Dziko la United States lamanga motsatizana nkhokwe zambiri zothirira ndi kuteteza kusefukira kwa madzi, madamu, njira zothirira ndi ngalande, ndikuyika mipope yambiri yothirira m'dziko lonselo. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kuthetsa vuto la chilala m’chigawo chakumadzulo, dziko la United States lakhazikitsa chigawo chakumadzulo motsatizanatsatizana. Malo osungira 350 akuluakulu ndi apakati amangidwa kuti apereke madzi okwanira m'mafamu akuluakulu 12 omwe ali pamtunda wa maekala 54 miliyoni. Pakati pawo, California ndiye dziko lalikulu kwambiri laulimi ku United States, ndipo boma lamanga chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ntchito yomanga malo osungira madzi, pulojekitiyi ili ndi malo osungira 29 osungira, malo opopera 18, malo opangira magetsi 4, mafakitale opangira magetsi opangira madzi 5 ndi makilomita oposa 1,000 a ngalande ndi mapaipi. Pakalipano, dera lothirira ku United States lafika mahekitala 25 miliyoni, omwe amawerengera 13% ya malo olimako, omwe malo othirira madzi ndi 8 miliyoni mahekitala, omwe ali oyamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Chachitatu ndikulimbikitsa mwamphamvu kutchuka kwa mphamvu zakumidzi. Kumanga kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zakumidzi ku United States kunayamba ndi kulengeza kwa Rural Electrification Act ndi Power Cooperatives Act mu 1936, zomwe zinathandiza mabungwe amagetsi akumidzi kuti apeze ngongole zambiri zachiwongola dzanja chochepa kuti apange mphamvu. zomera (Kuphatikiza hydropower, mphamvu matenthedwe, etc.), malo kugawa magetsi ndi mizere kufala, etc. Komanso, ma cooperatives akumidzi akhoza kukhalanso ndi ufulu woyamba kugula mphamvu ku zomera zonse mphamvu ya boma la feduro ndi mitengo mwadala magetsi kuonetsetsa kuti alimi onse m'madera awo akhoza Kupeza magetsi okwanira. Pakali pano, dziko la United States ndilo limapanga mphamvu zambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kupanga mphamvu zake pachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 30% ya mphamvu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimafikira maola 4 thililiyoni a kilowatt. Kuphatikiza apo, United States ilinso ndi ma kilomita 320,000 a njira zotumizira ma voltage apamwamba kwambiri, kuphatikiza malo opangira magetsi m'madera. Ndipo gululi limaphatikizapo mabungwe 60 ogawa mphamvu ndi mabungwe ogawa 875 a Rural Power ku United States.
Chachinayi, zipangizo zambiri zotumizira mauthenga kumidzi (matelefoni okhazikika, mafoni a m’manja, wailesi yakanema ya waya, ndi intaneti, ndi zina zotero) zamangidwa. Monga dziko lotukuka kwambiri pamakampani opanga matelefoni, United States ndi dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi kufalitsa mafoni okhazikika ndi mafoni am'manja m'madera akumidzi ndi madera ena a dzikolo. , TV ya Chingwe ndi intaneti. Pakali pano, cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito yomanga matelefoni akumidzi ku United States ndi kukweza njira zoyankhulirana m'madera akumidzi ndi ntchito zopezera intaneti. Malinga ndi dongosolo la "US Recovery and Reinvestment Program" mchaka cha 2009, dipatimenti ya zaulimi ku US ndi National Telecommunications and Information Administration adalandira ndalama zokwana 7.2 biliyoni za ndalama zauinjiniya. M’chaka cha 2010 chokha, dipatimenti ya zaulimi ku United States inapereka thandizo la ndalama ku mayiko ndi mayiko 38 a ku America. Dera la fukoli linapereka ndalama zokwana madola mabiliyoni a 1.2 a US mu ndalama zothandizira ndi ngongole kuti amange mapulojekiti a 126 opangira ma burodibandi, kuphatikizapo: mzere wothamanga kwambiri wa digito (DSL), mzere wosasunthika wopanda zingwe ndi ntchito zina za burodibandi m'madera asanu ndi awiri kuphatikizapo Georgia, Texas, ndi Missouri; Kentucky Optical fiber network ntchito m'madera ena akumadzulo ndi Tennessee; Mapulojekiti 10 a Broadband Wireless Network (WiMax) m'maboma 7 kuphatikiza Alabama, Ohio ndi Illinois, etc.
Pankhani ya chithandizo cha inshuwaransi, inshuwaransi yaulimi yaku US imakhala pansi paudindo wa Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. Mu 2007 mokha, makampani a inshuwaransi yaulimi ku United States adapeza malo obzala maekala 272 miliyoni, ndi ndalama zokwana US $ 67.35 biliyoni, ndalama zolipirira US $ 6.56 biliyoni, ndi chipukuta misozi cha US $ 3.54 biliyoni. Thandizo la boma pa inshuwaransi yaulimi ndi madola 3.82 biliyoni aku US.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, boma la US lakhala likusungabe ndalama zambiri zogulira ngongole zaulimi ndi inshuwaransi yaulimi, zomwe zalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha ulimi waku US. Komanso, m’vuto lazachuma limene liripoli, dongosolo la ngongole zaulimi ndi inshuwaransi yaulimi ku United States kwenikweni sizinakhudzidwe, ndipo magwero ake andalama okwanira anapereka chithandizo champhamvu kutsimikizira mkhalidwe wa United States monga mphamvu yaulimi yoyamba.
(4) Ndalama zothandizira ndalama
Ndondomeko ya thandizo la ndalama zaulimi ku US inayamba mu "Agricultural Adjustment Act" mu 1933. Pambuyo pa zaka zopitirira 70 za chitukuko, ndondomeko ya subsidy yaulimi yokwanira komanso mwadongosolo yapangidwa. Njira yonseyi ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo atatu.
Gawo loyamba ndi gawo la mfundo za subsidy zamitengo kuyambira 1933 mpaka 1995, ndiye kuti, zothandizira zaulimi zimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mitengo yamsika.
Gawo lachiwiri ndi gawo la malamulo a subsidy kuyambira 1996 mpaka 2001, ndiko kuti, sabuside imachotsedwa pamtengo wamsika wapachaka ndikuphatikizidwa mwachindunji muzopeza za alimi.
Gawo lachitatu ndi gawo la ndondomeko ya ndalama zothandizira ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa pambuyo pa chaka cha 2002. Pali zothandizira zopezera ndalama komanso ndalama zothandizira. Makhalidwe ake akuluakulu ndi:
A. Chiwerengero cha zothandizira chinafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri m'mbiri. Munthawi ya 2002-2007, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaulimi pachaka zinali pafupifupi US$19 biliyoni mpaka US$21 biliyoni, zomwe zikuwonjezeka kuchokera ku US $ 5.7 biliyoni mpaka US $ 7.7 biliyoni poyerekeza ndi zaka zam'mbuyomu. Zonse m'zaka 6 zafika US $ 118.5 biliyoni. Mpaka $ 190 biliyoni US.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-23-2021