IUnited States imi kumbindi woMntla Merika, ijikelezwe yiCanada ukuya emantla, iMexico ukuya emazantsi, uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ukuya empuma, kunye noLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ngasentshona. Ummandla womhlaba uzizigidi eziyi-9.37 zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, apho amathafa angaphantsi kwama-500 eemitha ngaphezu komgangatho wolwandle athatha i-55% yommandla womhlaba; ummandla womhlaba olinyiweyo ungaphezulu kwe 2.8 yeebhiliyoni zeemu, ubalelwa ngaphezulu kwe 20% yommandla womhlaba uwonke kunye ne 13% yomhlaba wonke olimayo emhlabeni. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphezu kwe-70% yomhlaba olimekayo ugxininiswe kwiithafa ezinkulu kunye neendawo eziphantsi komhlaba kwindawo enkulu yokusabalalisa okudibeneyo, kwaye umhlaba ubukhulu becala umhlaba omnyama wengca (kuquka i-chernozem), umhlaba we-chestnut kunye nomhlaba omnyama we-calcite. Ubukhulu becala, umxholo we-organic matter uphezulu, ofaneleke ngokukodwa ukukhula kwezityalo; indawo enengca yendalo yi-3.63 yeebhiliyoni zee-mu, ithatha i-26.5% yendawo yonke yomhlaba, ithatha i-7.9% yendawo yengca yendalo yehlabathi, ibekwe kwindawo yesithathu kwihlabathi; indawo yehlathi imalunga ne-270 yezigidi zeehektare, ukugubungela amahlathi Izinga li malunga ne-33%, oko kukuthi, i-1/3 yendawo yomhlaba welizwe ihlathi. Ilizwekazi linemozulu epholileyo esemantla kunye nemozulu eshushu; incam esemazantsi eFlorida inemozulu eshushu; I-Alaska inemozulu yelizwekazi le-subarctic; IHawaii inemozulu yetropiki yolwandlekazi; iindawo ezininzi zelizwe zineemvula ezininzi nezilinganayo, ezinomyinge wonyaka wemvula oyi-760 mm.
Le meko ikhethekileyo yejografi, imozulu efanelekileyo eyahlukeneyo, kunye nobutyebi bomhlaba otyebileyo bunika isiseko esiyimfuneko se-United States ukuze ibe lelona lizwe liphuhlileyo kwezolimo.
Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iUnited States ibisoloko ikwindawo ephambili kwimveliso yezolimo yehlabathi nakwimimandla yokuthumela ngaphandle. Phakathi kwabo:
(1) Imveliso yezityalo. Ngowama-2007 njengomzekelo, iUnited States ineefama ezizizigidi ezi-2.076 zizonke, kwaye ukutya okuziinkozo kwayo kwaba malunga nesinye kwisihlanu semveliso yehlabathi. Ilelona lizwe lithumela iimveliso zezolimo kumazwe angaphandle, njengengqolowa engama-56 (iitoni zezigidi), kwaye likwisithathu kwihlabathi. , Ukubalwa kwe-9.3% yemveliso yehlabathi; ithumela ngaphandle i-35.5 (yezigidi zeetoni), ibalwa kwi-32.1% yeempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zizonke. Umbona oyi-332 (izigidi zeetoni), owokuqala ehlabathini, wenze i-42.6% yemveliso yehlabathi; umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle wawungama-63 (izigidi zeetoni), ezibalelwa kuma-64.5% omthamo wehlabathi uphela. Iimbotyi zesoya ziyi-70 (izigidi zeetoni), yeyokuqala kwihlabathi, ithatha i-32.0% yemveliso epheleleyo yehlabathi; iimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziyi-29.7 (izigidi zeetoni), ezibalelwa kuma-39.4% ezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zizonke. Irayisi (eyenziweyo) 6.3 (izigidi zeetoni), i-12th ehlabathini, ibala i-1.5% yemveliso yehlabathi; ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-3.0 (izigidi zeetoni), ezibalelwa kwi-9.7% yeempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zizonke. Umqhaphu oyi-21.6 (izigidi zeebhali), ungowesithathu kwihlabathi, uthatha i-17.7% yemveliso yehlabathi; ithumela ngaphandle i-13.0 (iibhali ezizizigidi), ezibalelwa kuma-34.9% ezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zizonke.
Ukongeza, ezinye iimveliso zezityalo e-United States nazo zineenzuzo ezinkulu zokukhuphisana kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-2008, ukuveliswa kwee-rhizomes e-United States kwakuyi-19.96 yezigidi zeetoni, kwindawo yesibhozo kwihlabathi; amandongomane 2.335 yezigidi zeetoni, ikwindawo yesine kwihlabathi 660,000 yeetoni zodlwengulo, ikwindawo ye-13 kwihlabathi; 27.603 yezigidi zeetoni zommoba, ikwindawo ye-10 ehlabathini; 26.837 yezigidi zeetoni zeswekile beet, indawo yesithathu ehlabathini; I-28.203 yezigidi zeetoni zeziqhamo (ngaphandle kweevatala), ibeka iSine sokuqala kwihlabathi; yima.
(2) Imveliso yezilwanyana. I-United States ibisoloko inamandla amakhulu kwimveliso kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle kwemveliso yemfuyo. Ukwenza umzekelo ngo-2008, iimveliso eziphambili ezifana nenyama yenkomo i-12.236 yezigidi zeetoni, ezithatha i-19% yemveliso yehlabathi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi; inyama yehagu 10.462 million tons, accounting for 10% of output world , Isikhundla sesibini kwihlabathi; 2014.1 yezigidi zeetoni zenyama yenkukhu, ethatha i-22% yemveliso yehlabathi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi; amaqanda 5.339 yezigidi zeetoni, ezibalelwa kwi-9% yemveliso yehlabathi, indawo yesibini kwihlabathi; ubisi 86.179 yezigidi zeetoni, ezibalelwa kwi-15% yemveliso yehlabathi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi; itshizi 4.82 million tons, accounting for ngaphezu 30% of output world, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini.
(3) Imveliso yokuloba. Ukuthatha i-2007 njengomzekelo, imveliso yentlanzi yayizi-4.109 zezigidi zeetoni, ibekwe kwindawo yesithandathu kwihlabathi, apho intlanzi yaselwandle yayiyi-3.791,000 yeetoni kunye ne-318,000 yeetoni.
(4) Imveliso yehlathi. Ukuthatha i-2008 njengomzekelo, iimveliso eziphambili ezifana ne-hazelnuts yayiyi-33,000 yeetoni, ibeka indawo yesithathu kwihlabathi; I-walnuts ibiziitoni ezingama-290,000, ikwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi.
Abemi baseUnited States bamalunga nezigidi ezingama-300 kuphela, apho abemi bezolimo bangaphantsi kwe-2% yabemi belizwe lonke, kodwa abantu abazizigidi ezi-6 kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kokuphunyezwa ngokungqongqo kwenkqubo yothintelo lwemveliso efusi, ezona ndidi zininzi zehlabathi ziveliswa. Iinkozo ezininzi, ezikumgangatho ophezulu, iimveliso zemfuyo kunye nezinye iimveliso zezolimo. Isizathu sesokuba ukongeza kwiimeko ezizodwa zendalo, impumelelo yezolimo yaseMelika kufuneka ibalelwe kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
1. Ibhanti enkulu yokutyala kwezolimo eUnited States
Ukuqulunqwa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwendawo yokutyala kwezolimo sisiphumo sempembelelo ebanzi yezinto ezininzi ezifana nemozulu (ubushushu, imvula, ukukhanya, ukufuma, njl.), iTopography, umhlaba, umthombo wamanzi, abantu (imarike, abasebenzi, uqoqosho) kwaye nangokunjalo. Le modeli yokutyala indawo enkulu esekelwe kwindawo yejografi inokwandisa inzuzo yeemeko zendalo ukwenza umphumo wesikali; inceda ekwabelweni kwemithombo yobutyebi, ukuveliswa kweempawu, kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho weemveliso zolimo; inceda imveliso yomatshini omkhulu, imveliso esemgangathweni kunye nemveliso ekhethekileyo kunye nolawulo loshishino lwezolimo; ilungele ulwakhiwo lweendawo ezinkulu zokonga amanzi kunye nezinye iziseko ezingundoqo zezolimo kunye nokukhuthazwa nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe bezolimo. Inceda ngokuthe ngqo amafama aseMelika ukuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwemveliso yezolimo, kwaye ekugqibeleni afezekise ukuncitshiswa kweendleko kunye nenzuzo Injongo yokwandisa.
Amabhanti okulima ezolimo eUnited States asasazwa kakhulu kwimimandla emihlanu, apho:
(1) Ibhanti yenkomo yedlelo kuMntla-mpuma kunye “neNew England”. Ibhekisa kwi-12 ithi kwimpuma ye-West Virginia. Iimeko zendalo zimanzi kunye nemozulu ebandayo, umhlaba ongenanto, ixesha elifutshane elingenayo iqabaka, alifanelekanga ukulinywa, kodwa lilungele ukukhula kwamadlelo kunye nombona we-silage, ngoko ke ilungele uphuhliso lwemfuyo. Ukongeza, le ndawo ikwayindawo enkulu yemveliso yeetapile, ii-apile kunye neediliya.
(2) Ibhanti lombona kwindawo esemantla embindini. Ibhekisa kwi-8 imimandla kufutshane neLwandle oluKhulu. Iimeko zendalo ziphantsi kunye nomhlaba othe tyaba, umhlaba onzulu, ubushushu obuphezulu entlakohlaza nasehlotyeni, kunye nokufuma okuphezulu, okulungele kakhulu ukukhula nokuphuhliswa kombona. Ngoko ke, lo mmandla uye waba ngowona mmandla mkhulu wemveliso yombona ehlabathini; ngaxeshanye; Lo ikwangowona mmandla mkhulu wokuvelisa iimbotyi zesoya eMelika, iifama zeembotyi zesoya zithatha i54% yetotali yelizwe; ukongeza, imveliso yengqolowa apha nayo ikwindawo ebalulekileyo eUnited States.
(3) AmaThafa Amakhulu eBhanti yengqolowa. Ifumaneka kumbindi kunye nemimandla esemantla eUnited States, ithatha i-9 States. Eli lithafa eliphakamileyo elingaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-500 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Umhlaba uthe tyaba, umhlaba uchumile, imvula nobushushu ngaxeshanye, umthombo wamanzi wanele, kwaye ubusika bude yaye bubanda kakhulu, bufanele ukukhula kwengqolowa. Ummandla olinyiweyo wengqolowa kulo mmandla udla ngokuthatha i-70% yelizwe.
(4) Ibhanti yomqhaphu emazantsi. Ikakhulu ibhekisa kumazwe amahlanu eDelta yaseMississippi kunxweme olunqumla iAtlantiki. Iimeko zendalo zale ndawo ziphantsi kwaye zithe tyaba, umhlaba ovundileyo, i-latitude ephantsi, ukushisa okwaneleyo, imvula eninzi entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni kunye nekwindla eyomileyo, ifanelekile ukuvuthwa komqhaphu. Malunga nesinye kwisithathu seefama zomqhaphu zelizwe zigxininiswe apha, kunye nommandla ohlwayelweyo ongaphezulu kwe-1.6 yezigidi zeehektare, kwaye iziphumo zithatha i-36% yelizwe. Phakathi kwabo, i-Arkansas ikwayeyona ndawo inkulu yokuvelisa irayisi e-United States, inesiphumo esipheleleyo se-43% yelizwe. Ukongeza, i-United States esemazantsi-ntshona, kuquka i-California kunye ne-Arizona River Valley imimandla eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"sunbelt", nayo i-22% yemveliso yelizwe.
(5) Iindawo ezibanzi zezolimo ngakunxweme lwePasifiki, ingakumbi iWashington, Oregon, neCalifornia. Ibhanti yezolimo ichaphazeleka yiPacific Warm Current, kwaye imozulu ipholile kwaye inomswakama, efanelekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo. Uninzi lwemifuno, iziqhamo kunye neziqhamo ezomisiweyo e-United States zivela kule ndawo; ukongezelela, ikwasisityebi kwirayisi kunye nengqolowa.
2. Iteknoloji yezolimo yase-US yeyona iphuhliswe kakhulu
Kuyo yonke imbali, isayensi yezolimo kunye netekhnoloji ibisoloko ikhokela kwaye iqhuba yonke inkqubo yophuhliso lwezolimo lwaseMelika. Inkqubo yayo emikhulu yophando lwenzululwazi, imfundo, nokukhuthaza kudityaniswe nenkxaso-mali eninzi iye yanempumelelo engathethekiyo, ibe iye yafak’ isandla ekukhuthazeni iUnited States njengelona shishini likhulu lezolimo ehlabathini. Amazwe anamandla aye adlala indima ephambili.
Okwangoku, kukho amaziko amakhulu ophando amane eUnited States (amanyaniswa neNkonzo yoPhando lwezoLimo yeSebe lezoLimo lase-United States), ngaphezu kwe-130 yeekholeji zezolimo, izikhululo zovavanyo lwezolimo zelizwe ezingama-56, izikhululo ezingama-57 ezisebenzisana norhulumente womanyano lwengingqi, kunye nangaphezulu kwama-3,300 ee-arhente ezandisiweyo zentsebenziswano yezolimo. Kukho iikholeji zezamahlathi ezingama-63, iikholeji zonyango lwezilwanyana ezingama-27, iinzululwazi zezolimo ezingama-9,600, kunye nabasebenzi abali-17,000 bokwandisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Ukongeza, kukho amaziko ophando lwezenzululwazi ali-1,200 e-United States asebenza ikakhulu kwizinto ezahlukeneyo kwicandelo lezolimo. Iiprojekthi zabo zenkonzo ikakhulu zibandakanya ukwenziwa kophuhliso olugunyazisiweyo kunye nokudlulisela impumelelo yenzululwazi nethekhinoloji. Ukongeza, izibonelelo zetekhnoloji ephezulu yezolimo yaseMelika zikwaqulathwe kwimiba emithathu, eyile, oomatshini bezolimo, i-biotechnology yezolimo, kunye nolwazi lwezolimo.
(1) Imveliso yezolimo ekumgangatho ophezulu
Iifama zase-US zineentlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zoomatshini kunye nezibonelelo ezipheleleyo ezixhasayo, ezifana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeetrektara (malunga nezigidi ezi-5 zeeyunithi, ubukhulu becala ngaphezu kwe-73.5KW, ukuya kuma-276KW); abavuni abahlukahlukeneyo (i-1.5 yezigidi zeeyunithi); oomatshini bokukhulula obunzulu obunzulu (itshizi enzulu ikhulula, iphiko lomhlakulo likhulula nzulu, ukungcangcazela ukukhulula okunzulu kunye ne-gooseneck enzulu ukukhulula, njl.); oomatshini bokulungisa umhlaba abahlukahlukeneyo (iintsinjana zediskhi, iiharrow zamazinyo, iirakhi eziqengqelekayo, iirola, iziqhoboshi ezilula zomhlaba, njl. njl.); Oomatshini bembewu abahlukeneyo (ukutya okuziinkozo, ukombiwa kombona, iimbewu zomqhaphu, izisasazo zamadlelo, njl.); oomatshini bokukhusela ukutyala ezahlukeneyo (izitshizi, iiduster, oomatshini bokulungisa umhlaba, oomatshini bonyango lwembewu, abasasazi bamasuntswana, njl. njl.) kunye Zonke iintlobo zoomatshini bokusebenza ngokudibeneyo kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zokunkcenkceshela imisele, ukunkcenkceshela, ukunkcenkceshela, izixhobo zokunkcenkceshela, njl. njl., yonke into ukusuka kumhlaba olimekayo, ukuhlwayela, ukunkcenkceshelwa, ukuchumisa, ukutshiza ukuya ekuvuneni, ukubhula, ukulungiswa, ukuthuthwa, ukukhetha, ukomisa, ukugcinwa, njl njl. Ngokubhekiselele kwimfuyo kunye nokuzala kweenkukhu, ngakumbi iinkukhu kunye neenkomo, ukuveliswa kweemveliso zemfuyo sele kusetyenziswe oomatshini kunye nomatshini ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kweseti ezipheleleyo zoomatshini kunye nezixhobo ezifana negrinder, oomatshini bokusenga, kunye nokugcinwa nokulungiswa kobisi. Zininzi ezinye iimveliso zezolimo ezilungiswayo, imfuneko efanayo kuphela yokucofa iqhosha ukugqiba ngokuzenzekelayo.
Imveliso elolu hlobo yokwenziwa koomatshini iphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yezolimo yaseMelika. Ngoku, ngokomlinganiselo, umsebenzi ngamnye wezolimo kwiifama zaseMerika unokulima umhlaba oziihektare ezingama-450, unokunyamekela iinkuku ezingama-60 000 ukusa kwezingama-70 000, iinkomo ezingama-5 000, aze avelise ngaphezu kweekhilogram ezili-100 000 zeenkozo. Ivelisa malunga neekhilogram ezingama-10,000 zenyama kwaye ityisa abantu baseMelika abangama-98 kunye nabangaphandle abangama-34.
(2) Ukukhokela ngebhayoloji yezolimo yehlabathi
Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lobuchwephesha obuphezulu bezolimo baseMelika kukuba ihlala incamathela ukubaluleka okukhulu kusetyenziso olubanzi lwe-biotechnology kwicandelo lemveliso yezolimo. Isizathu sesokuba iintlobo zezilwanyana nezityalo eziphuculwe yibiotechnology zinokuwuphucula kakhulu umgangatho, isivuno kunye nokumelana nezifo kwezilwanyana nezityalo. , Enokunyusa kakhulu imveliso yabasebenzi yezolimo zaseMelika. Umzekelo, impumelelo enkulu kwibhayoloji yemveli yezolimo efana nokuzalanisa okuxutyiweyo izise iingenelo ezinkulu kwezoqoqosho eUnited States. Phakathi kwazo, umbona wombona ovelisa isivuno esikhulu unesivuno esiyi 8697 kg/ha ngo 1994, ukwanda ngama 92% ukusuka ngo 1970. %; Ihagu ethile ekhethiweyo ekhethiweyo inokwandisa ubunzima bemihla ngemihla nge-1.5% kwaye inciphise ukusetyenziswa kwesondlo nge-5-10%; kwaye iinkomo ezixutyiweyo zodidi oluphezulu zinokuvelisa i-10-15% ngaphezulu kwenyama yenkomo. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kobuchwephesha bokufakelwa kwamadlozi angumkhenkce kwiinkomo zobisi zaseMelika, iinkomo zenkomo, iigusha, iihagu kunye neenkukhu nako kunyuse kakhulu izinga lokuzala kwezi zilwanyana.
Okwangoku, izityalo eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ziyinkalo ephambili kuphando nasekusetyenzisweni kwebhayoloji yezolimo yanamhlanje. Ngokuphathelele oku, iUnited States ingaphezulu lee kunamanye amazwe. Izityalo eziguquguqukayo zibhekisa ekusetyenzisweni kobuchwepheshe be-DNA obuphinda-phindaneyo ukudlulisela iimpawu ezintsha ezahlukahlukeneyo zezityalo ezohlukeneyo kwanezilwanyana kwizityalo ezifunekayo ukulima ibhetshi enemveliso ephezulu, ekwaziyo ukumelana nezinambuzane, ukumelana nezifo, imbalela kunye neempawu ezikwaziyo ukumelana nezikhukula. Iintlobo ezintsha zezityalo ezilungileyo. Umzekelo, sebenzisa ubugcisa bobunjineli bemfuza ukwazisa imizila yemfuza eneprotheyini eninzi kwizityalo zecereal ukuze ufumane ingqolowa eneprotein eninzi kunye nombona oneprotheyini eninzi; ukudlulisela imizila yemfuza ebulala izinambuzane kumqhaphu ukwenza umqhaphu unganyangeki kwi-cotton bollworm; Imizila yemfuza yobushushu obuphantsi yenziwa yabumba iitumato ukuze kufunyanwe iitumato ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomkhenkce; Ufuzo lwecactus lwafakelwa kwizityalo zengqolowa neembotyi zesoya, kwaza kwafunyanwa iintlobo ezintsha zeesiriyeli ezinesivuno esikhulu ezinokukhula kumhlaba owomileyo nongumqwebedu.
Ukusukela ngo-2004, ngokudityaniswa kwakhona kwemfuza, indlela yokukhulisa i-biotechnology, iUnited States iye yaphumelela ukulima izityalo ezininzi eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza ezifana nomqhaphu onganyangekiyo kwizinambuzane, umbona okwaziyo ukumelana nemichiza, iitapile ezixhathisa izinambuzane, iimbotyi zesoya ezixhathisa ukhula, icanola, kunye nomqhaphu. Phakathi kwazo, iintlobo ezingama-59 (kubandakanywa iintlobo ezili-17 zombona webhayoloji, iintlobo ezili-9 zembewu yokudlwengulwa, iintlobo zomqhaphu ezisi-8, iintlobo zetamatati ezi-6, iintlobo zetapile ezi-4, iintlobo ezi-3 zeembotyi zesoya, iintlobo ezi-3 zebeet yeswekile, iintlobo ezi-2 zamathanga, irayisi, ingqolowa, iflakisi, ipapaya, yaseRoma. ivatala, i-chicory, kunye ne-bentgrass esikwe kumdiliya (inye) zivunyiwe ukuba zithengiswe kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi, ziphucula kakhulu umgangatho kunye nesivuno sezityalo zaseMelika Umzekelo, indawo yesoya yebhayoloji yase-US yayingama-2573. I-14.74 yezigidi zeehektare, ngelixa ummandla womqhaphu webhayoloji wawuzizigidi ze-4.21 zeehektare, owona mkhulu emhlabeni wonke, i-United States yandise imveliso yezityalo nge-6.6 yezigidigidi zeeponti kwaye yandisa ingeniso nge-2.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika, kodwa iimveliso ezixhathisa izinambuzane. Ukunciphisa i-34% kunye nokunciphisa i-15.6 yezigidi zeepounds kugcine iindleko ezininzi kumafama aseMelika kwaye kunciphisa kakhulu ukungcoliseka kwendalo.
Kweminye imimandla ye-biotechnology yezolimo, iUnited States nayo inenzuzo enkulu yokhuphiswano. Umzekelo: Ngokwezibulali-zinambuzane zebhayoloji, iUnited States iye yakwazi ukukhupha izinto eziluncedo kwiintshaba zendalo zezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, okanye ukudibanisa izinto eziyityhefu kwiintshaba zendalo zezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ukwenza imichiza yebhayoloji yokuthintela nokulawula izifo zezityalo nezinambuzane; I-United States iphinda isebenzise iingcamango ze-biological pesticides kunye ne-genetic modification technology ukuvelisa Ukuba kukho iintlobo ze-microbial ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwe-insecticide kunye ne-toxicity enamandla, "zinokunyangwa ngebhaktheriya" nje kuphela xa zifafazwa kwizinambuzane ezihlaselayo. izityalo, ukuphumeza injongo yokubulala izinambuzane nokukhusela indalo esingqongileyo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizilwanyana eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza, izazinzulu zaseMerika ziye zadlulisela ngempumelelo imizila yemfuza yezilwanyana ezithile kumaqanda achumileyo eenkomo, eehagu, eegusha nezinye izilwanyana zasekhaya neenkukhu, ngaloo ndlela bafumana iindidi ezigqwesileyo zemfuyo neenkukhu; Ukongeza, iUnited States isebenzise iindlela zobunjineli bezofuzo ukudlulisa ezithile I-hormone yokukhula kwezilwanyana idluliselwa kwiibhaktheriya, kwaye iibhaktheriya ziphindaphinda ukuvelisa inani elikhulu lamahomoni aluncedo. La mahomoni anokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kweprotheyini kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamafutha kwimfuyo kunye nenkqubo yemetabolism yeenkukhu, ngaloo ndlela ikhawuleza ukukhula kunye nophuhliso, oko kukuthi, ukwandisa imveliso yemfuyo kunye neenkukhu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho weemveliso ngaphandle kokunyusa ukutya kokutya.
Ngokuphathelele uphando malunga nokuthintela kunye nokulawulwa kwezifo zemfuyo kunye neenkukhu, i-United States iye yakwazi ukuhlukanisa kunye ne-clone ye-immune genes, ethathe inyathelo elikhulu ekulawuleni nasekupheliseni izifo zemfuyo kunye neenkukhu; kusetyenziswa i-biotechnology, iUnited States ikwaphuhlise ngempumelelo ezinye izitofu zobunjineli bemfuza kunye namayeza ezilwanyana. (Kubandakanya i-hormone yokukhula kwimfuyo) kunye neendlela ezichanekileyo kunye nokufumanisa ngokukhawuleza kunye neendlela zokuxilongwa.
Ukongeza, i-United States ikhokela ihlabathi ngakumbi kuphando olusisiseko kwi-biotechnology yezolimo, efana nebhayoloji yemolekyuli yezityalo, imephu yemfuza yezilwanyana kunye nezityalo, itekhnoloji yokwazisa imfuza yangaphandle, kunye nokuqatshelwa kwechromosome. Obunye ubuchwephesha bebhayoloji obufana nobunjineli beeseli zezilwanyana kunye netekhnoloji yokubumba eUnited States zikhokela ihlabathi. Ihlabathi likwaneengenelo ezithile.
Sithetha nje, kukho iinkampani ezili-10 kwezingama-20 zehlabathi zeteknoloji yezolimo ezibalaseleyo eUnited States; kukho iinkampani ezi-3 kwezi-5 eziphezulu eMelika. Oku kubonisa ubume obuphambili bebhayoloji yezolimo eMelika.
Ngoku i-United States ingene kwixesha lenguqu ukusuka kwezolimo zemveli ukuya kwezolimo lobunjineli bezinto eziphilayo. Ngokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwe-biotechnology kwicandelo lemveliso yezolimo, iUnited States iqale yawuqonda umnqweno wayo wokuphucula izilwanyana kunye nezityalo ngokwentando yabantu, okuthetha ukuba ikamva laseMelika linamandla angenamkhawulo ekuphuculeni iindidi, umgangatho kunye nesivuno. yeemveliso zezolimo, nasekusombululeni indlala yabantu. Ngokucacileyo, i-biotechnology yezolimo ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-United States ukuqinisekisa iwonga layo njengelona gunya likhulu kwezolimo.
(3) Ubugcisa benkcazelo buye benza “ubuchule bezolimo” eUnited States
I-United States lilizwe lokuqala kwihlabathi ukungena kuluntu lolwazi. Ukuthandwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yekhompyutha kunye ne-intanethi kunye nolwazi olubanzi lwendlela yenze iimeko eziyimfuneko zokwaziswa kwezolimo e-United States. Okwangoku, itekhnoloji yolwazi ingene kuyo yonke imiba yemveliso yezolimo yaseMelika, inegalelo ngokuthe ngqo ekunyukeni “kwezolimo oluchanekileyo” eUnited States, inciphisa kakhulu iindleko zemveliso yezolimo lwaseMelika, kwaye iphucula kakhulu impumelelo yemveliso yezolimo zaseMelika kunye nezolimo. ukukhuphisana kwemveliso yezolimo kumazwe ngamazwe. .
Amacandelo aphambili enkqubo yolwazi lwezolimo yase-US:
a. I-AGNET, inkqubo yothungelwano lwekhompyutha yezolimo, yeyona nkqubo yolwazi lwezolimo inkulu ehlabathini. Inkqubo ihlanganisa 46 ithi eUnited States, 6 amaphondo eKhanada kunye 7 amazwe ngaphandle United States kunye Canada, kwaye idibanisa iSebe lezoLimo United States, iSebe lezoLimo 15 uthi, 36 iiyunivesithi kunye nenani elikhulu lamashishini ezolimo. .
b. Ugcino-lwazi lwezoLimo, kuquka nogcino-lwazi lwemveliso yezolimo kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezoqoqosho lwezolimo. Ugcino-lwazi lwezoLimo yiprojekthi ebalulekileyo esisiseko yolwazi lwezolimo. Ke ngoko, urhulumente wase-US, iidyunivesithi, amaziko ophando lwezenzululwazi, amathala eencwadi esizwe, kunye namashishini aziwayo okutya kunye nezolimo anika ukubaluleka okukhulu kulwakhiwo kunye nokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi, olufana neZibonelelo zeSizwe zeZityalo eziSekwe liSebe lezoLimo laseMelika. Inkqubo yolawulo lolwazi ibonelela ngeenkonzo zeesampulu ezingama-600,000 zemithombo yezityalo zokufuya ezolimo kulo lonke elase-United States. Okwangoku, kukho ama-428 oovimba beenkcukacha bezolimo be-elektroniki abadweliswe liSebe lezoLimo lase-US. Eyona idumileyo nesetyenziswa kakhulu yi-database ye-A-GRICOLA ephuhliswe ngokudibeneyo liThala leeNcwadi leSizwe lezoLimo kunye neSebe lezoLimo. Iqulethe iikopi ezingaphezu kwe-100,000. Inzululwazi yezoLimo kunye nezixhobo zethekhnoloji yereferensi.
c. Iiwebhusayithi zolwazi lwezolimo ezichwepheshile, ezifana nenkqubo yothungelwano yolwazi lweembotyi zesoya esandula ukwenziwa eMelika, zibandakanya ubuchwephesha kunye nokusebenza kwekhonkco ngalinye lemveliso yeembotyi zesoya zamazwe ngamazwe nezasekhaya, ukubonelela kunye nokuthengisa; kwelinye icala lenkqubo yenethiwekhi kukho iingcali ezininzi ezibandakanyeka kuphando lweembotyi zesoya. Kwelinye icala ngamafama abandakanyeka kwimveliso yeembotyi zesoya, enokubonelela ngaphezu kwamaqhekeza angama-50 emveliso, ukubonelela kunye nolwazi lwentengiso ngenyanga ngokomndilili.
d. Inkqubo ye-imeyile, inkqubo yolwazi lwezolimo esekwe liSebe lezoLimo lase-US kwaye yatshintshwa ngeZiko loLwazi lwezoLimo, eliqhagamshelwe kwi-Intanethi. Phakathi kwabo, kuphela i-Bureau yeNkonzo yeMarike yezoLimo, inkqubo yayo yekhompyuter isebenza malunga nezigidi ezingama-50 zolwazi lwentengiso yonke imihla.
e. Itekhnoloji ye-3S bubuchwepheshe be-agromote sensing technology (RS), inkqubo yolwazi lwejografi (GIS) kunye nenkqubo yokubeka isatellite yehlabathi (GPS). Le yinkqubo yehlabathi yokuqala esekwe yi-United States yoqikelelo lwesivuno sezityalo kwihlabathi jikelele kunye nemveliso echanekileyo kwezolimo. .
f. I-Radio Frequency Identification System (RFID). Luhlobo olungaqhagamshelwanga olusebenzisa indawo etshintshanayo yamagnetic okanye i-electromagnetic spatial coupling kunye nokumodareyithwa kwesiginali yerediyo kunye netekhnoloji yedemoduli ukuqaphela ukuchongwa okuzenzekelayo kunye nokulandela umkhondo wezinto ekujoliswe kuzo.
Oku kungasentla yinxalenye kuphela yenkqubo yolwazi lwezolimo yase-US.
Kukho amafama angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 eUnited States. Bazisebenzisa njani ezi nkqubo zolwazi ukuphumeza imveliso yezolimo echanekileyo?
Okokuqala, ngenkqubo yolwazi lwenethiwekhi, amafama aseMelika anokufumana ulwazi lwemarike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, elipheleleyo, kwaye liqhubeke, kwaye basebenzise oku ukulungisa ngokuchanekileyo imveliso yabo yezolimo kunye nezicwangciso zokuthengisa imveliso yezolimo ukuze bajolise kwaye banciphise ngempumelelo umngcipheko wokusebenza ngokungaboniyo. . Umzekelo, emva kokwazi idatha yamva nje yendawo yemveliso yezolimo kunye namaxabiso exesha elizayo, imfuno yemarike yamazwe ngamazwe neyasekhaya, umthamo wemveliso yamazwe ngamazwe neyasekhaya, umthamo wokungenisa elizweni kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle, njl. ukuthengisa ukuphepha imveliso yezolimo yexesha elizayo. Okanye emva kokufunda malunga nokuphuculwa kweentlobo zezityalo, iimeko zemozulu kunye nolunye ulwazi, umlimi unokwazi kwakhona ukuba luhlobo luni lwembewu afanele aluthenge, luhlobo luni lweendlela zokutyala amakazamkele, kunye nexesha lokutyala ukuba luhlobo luni lwesityalo oluya kuvelisa esona sivuno siphezulu ukuze ufumane inzuzo enkulu;
Kwangaxeshanye, unokuphinda aqhube uthethwano lobugcisa bezolimo okanye athenge izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zezolimo kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezifanelekileyo kwi-Intanethi esekwe kubuchwephesha bezolimo bamva nje, oomatshini abatsha bezolimo, ulawulo lwezilwanyana nezityalo kunye nolunye ulwazi. Ngokomzekelo, uKen Polmugreen, umlimi waseKansas eUnited States, uye waqhelana nenkcazelo ephathelele imozulu yehlabathi, iimeko zokutya okuziinkozo namaxabiso okuthenga ukutya okuziinkozo kwi-Intanethi. Emva kokufunda ukuba urhulumente waseYiputa wayefuna ukuthenga inani elikhulu lengqolowa "emhlophe elukhuni", wayesazi ukuba Olu hlobo lwengqolowa luya kuba yinto eshushu kwimarike kulo nyaka, ngoko ke watshintsha iintlobo zengqolowa ezityalwe ngeli xesha kwaye ekugqibeleni wenza ezininzi. iingeniso.
Okwesibini kukusebenzisa ubuchwephesha be-3S, obu bubuchwephesha bokubona kude kwezolimo (RS), inkqubo yolwazi lwejografi (GIS) kunye nenkqubo yesathelayithi yomhlaba wonke (GPS) ukuphumeza ukutyalwa ngokuchanekileyo kwezityalo.
Itekhnoloji yovavanyo olukude (RS) ibhekisa kukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-infrared, i-microwave kunye nezinye izinzwa ze-waveband (multi-spectral) ezixhotyiswe kwizithuthi ze-aerospace ukuze zisebenzise ukubonakaliswa okwahlukileyo kunye neempawu zemitha yezityalo kunye nomhlaba kumaza ombane wombane ukufumana izityalo kunye nomhlaba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. iindawo. Idatha efanelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukubeka iliso kunye nokuvavanya imeko yesondlo senitrogen, ukukhula, isivuno, izitshabalalisi kunye nezifo zezityalo, kunye netyuwa yomhlaba, ukuba yintlango, imozulu kunye nokhukuliseko, kunye nokwanda kunye nokuncipha kwamanzi kunye nezondlo.
I-Geographic Information System (GIS), emva kokufumana kunye nokucubungula idatha ye-remote sensing, idatha ye-GPS, kunye nedatha eqokelelwe ngesandla kwaye ithunyelwe, inkqubo inokuvelisa ngokuzenzekelayo imephu yedijithali yefama, ephawulwe ngolwazi lwezityalo kunye nolwazi lomhlaba woluntu ngalunye.
Inkqubo yokumisa umhlaba jikelele (GPS) isetyenziswa kakhulu ekumiseni indawo kunye nokuhamba.
Ngokusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-3S, abalimi banokuhlengahlengisa ngokuchanekileyo imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yomhlaba kunye nolawulo lwezityalo ngokotshintsho kwimiba yentsimi. Ngokomzekelo, xa uchumisa izityalo, xa itrektara enkulu (exhotywe nge-GPS receiver kunye nomboniso kunye neprosesa yedatha) ) Xa utshiza izichumisi kwintsimi, isikrini sokubonisa sinokubonisa imifanekiso emibini edibeneyo ngexesha elinye, enye yidijithali. imephu (iphawulwe ngohlobo lomhlaba iplothi nganye, initrogen, phosphorus kunye potassium umxholo, isivuno ngesityalo kwixesha elidlulileyo, kunye nesalathisi sesivuno salo nyaka. njl.), Enye imephu yolungelelwaniso lwegridi (enokuthi ibonise indawo yeploti apho itrektara ikhona nanini na ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ze-GPS). Ngelo xesha, iprosesa yedatha ingabala ngokuzenzekelayo isicwangciso ngasinye ngokusekelwe kwimephu yedijithali yecebo ngalinye elilungiselelwe kwangaphambili. Umlinganiselo wokusasazwa kwezichumiso kunye nomthamo wokutshiza weploti, kwaye unike imiyalelo kumatshini wokutshiza ozenzekelayo.
Indlela efanayo ikwafanelekile ukutshiza amayeza okubulala izinambuzane; ukongeza, inkqubo inokugqiba ngokuzenzekelayo ixesha lokunkcenkceshela kunye nokufaka isichumisi ngokufuma komhlaba kunye nokukhula kwesityalo. Ngokwezibalo, ukusetyenziswa kobu buchwepheshe buchanekileyo kwezolimo kunokonga i-10% yesichumisi, i-23% yezibulali zinambuzane, kunye ne-25 kg yembewu ngehektare nganye; kwangaxeshanye, inokunyusa isivuno sengqolowa kunye nombona ngaphezu kwe-15%.
Okwesithathu kukufumana ulawulo oluchanekileyo lokufuywa kwemfuyo kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokuchonga irediyo (RFID).
Inkqubo yokuchonga kanomathotholo iRFID ikakhulu yenziwe ngeethegi ze-elektroniki kunye nezinto zokufunda. Ithegi nganye ye-elektroniki inekhowudi eyodwa ye-elektroniki kuphela, kwaye umfundi uneentlobo ezimbini: esisigxina kunye nesandla.
Kwintsimi yezolimo yase-United States, iinkqubo ze-RFID zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga nokulandelela izilwanyana zasekhaya, ngakumbi iinkomo. Umgaqo kukufaka iithegi ze-elektroniki ezindlebeni zenkomo, eziphawulwe ngeenkcukacha ze-elektroniki zenkomo, ezifana ne-electronics yenkomo. Ikhowudi, indawo yemvelaphi, ubudala, ulwazi lwenzala, ulwazi lwe-quarantine kunye ne-immune, ulwazi lwesifo, imvelaphi kunye nolwazi lokuzala, njl njl. ukusuka kumfundi Ukungeniswa kwangoku kuveliswa ukufumana amandla, kwaye ke idatha ye-elektroniki efana nekhowudi ye-elektroniki eqhutywa ngokwayo ithunyelwa kumfundi ukuze ifundwe kwaye ithunyelwe kwinkqubo yokulawula ulwazi lwezilwanyana, ukuze abantu bazi ukuba ngubani inkomo, njalo njalo, ngaloo ndlela iqonda ilungelo lale nkomo. Ukuchongwa kunye nokulandelwa ngokuchanekileyo kweenkomo kuye komeleza isakhono somfama sokulawula ngokuchanekileyo umhlambi.
Umgaqo uyafana ekuchongeni nasekulandeleni imfuyo ngaphandle kweenkomo.
Ukongeza, yonke inkqubo yeemveliso zezolimo ukusuka kwimveliso, ukuthuthwa, ukugcinwa ukuya ekuqhubeni nasekuthengisweni kunokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuchongwa kwamaza kanomathotholo iRFID, eyenza abantu balandele kwaye bachonge iimveliso zezolimo ukusuka etafileni ukuya ebaleni, ukuphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lokutya. iunited States. Umthamo wesiqinisekiso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yezolimo eUnited States.
3. I-US inelona qondo liphezulu loshishino lwezolimo
Into ebesiqhele ukuyithetha ngaphambili ibhekisa ikakhulu ekutyaleni nasekufuyweni kwezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, ezolimo ngokwengqiqo yanamhlanje akubandakanyi ukutyala kunye nokuzala kuphela, kodwa noomatshini bezolimo, imbewu, izichumisi zemichiza, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukutya, amashishini ezolimo asemantla anjengamafutha, ubugcisa, kunye neenkonzo zolwazi, kunye namashishini asezantsi njengezothutho, ukugcinwa, ukusetyenzwa, ukupakishwa, ukuthengisa, kunye nempahla yangaphandle, zinemizi-mveliso ephambili, ishishini lesibini kunye necandelo lemfundo ephakamileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, malunga nemveliso yezolimo, ezolimo zanamhlanje zenze ikhonkco leshishini lezolimo elipheleleyo ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, eliliqela lemizi-mveliso elikhulu kakhulu. Ngokucacileyo, ukuba elinye lala matsheyina liye laqhawulwa, oko kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwetsheyini loshishino lwezolimo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwehleni okukhulu kwimveliso yezolimo iyonke.
Ngoko ke, uphuhliso lwezolimo lwanamhlanje kufuneka zenze i-organic and united iyonke kuwo onke amashishini akweli khonkco, anikele ingqalelo kuphuhliso olulungeleleneyo nolulungelelanisiweyo lwekhonkco ngalinye, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo benze imodeli yokumisa enye yezolimo, ishishini kunye norhwebo, kunye nemveliso. , ukubonelela kunye nokuthengisa; kunye nokuqhuba ishishini lale mihla Indlela yokulawula imveliso yezolimo kukuziqhelanisa nokuthengisa kunye nokwandisa ulwabiwo lwemithombo yobutyebi eyohlukeneyo kunye negalelo lezinto ezahlukeneyo zemveliso ukuqinisekisa okona kuhambelanayo, esona sivuno siphezulu kunye nenzuzo enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Olu lulimo oluhlangeneyo, olubizwa ngamazwe aseNtshona ukuba lushishino lwezolimo.
I-United States yindawo yokuzalwa yoshishino lwezolimo emhlabeni, kwaye yenze inkqubo yoshishino yezolimo eqolileyo nephuhlileyo.
(1) Ezona ndlela ziphambili zombutho woshishino lwezolimo eUnited States:
A. Ukudityaniswa ngokuthe nkqo kuthetha ukuba ishishini elinye ligqibezela yonke inkqubo yokuvelisa, ukusetyenzwa kunye nokuthengiswa kweemveliso zezolimo. Umzekelo, iDel Monte, elawulwa yiCalifornia Consortium, yeyona nkampani inkulu yokunkonkxa imifuno ehlabathini. Isebenza iihektare ezingama-800,000 zomhlaba ekhaya naphesheya, kunye neefama ezingama-38, iifektri ezilungisayo ezingama-54, iifektri zokunkonkxa ezili-13, kunye nezikhululo ezi-6 zokuthutha iilori. , Isikhululo se-1 sokulayishwa kunye nokuthulula i-marine, i-1 iziko lokuhambisa iimpahla zomoya kunye namaziko okuhambisa i-10, kunye ne-24 yokutyela, njl.
B. Ukudityaniswa okuthe tye, oko kukuthi, amashishini ahlukeneyo okanye iifama ziqhuba imveliso, ukusetyenzwa, kunye nokuthengiswa kweemveliso zezolimo ngokwekhontrakthi. Ngokomzekelo, iNkampani yasePenfield yasePennsylvania, ngendlela yekhontrakthi, yadibanisa iifama zenkukhu ezingama-98 ukuba zikhethekileyo ekuzaleni iinkukhu zenyama kunye neenkukhu ezibeka amaqanda. Le nkampani ibonelela ngabafuyi, ukutya, amafutha, amayeza kunye nezinye izixhobo kwiifama zenkukhu, kwaye inoxanduva lokuthenga iinkukhu. Iinyama zenyama ezigqityiweyo kunye namaqanda asuka efama ayalungiswa athengiswa.
C. Udidi lwesithathu kukuba iifama ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkampani zivelisa, ziqhube kwaye zithengise ngokweempawu zexabiso lemarike. Ngokufana nemodeli yeshishini yelizwe lam "imarike yobugcisa + amakhaya amafama", lo ngumzekelo weshishini obalaseleyo e-United States, onceda ukhuphiswano olupheleleyo kumakhonkco ahlukeneyo afana nemveliso yezolimo, ukusetyenzwa, kunye nokuthengisa, ngaloo ndlela kusonjululwa imingcipheko eyahlukeneyo yoshishino.
(2) Olona phawu lubalaseleyo lokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso kwezolimo eUnited States kukuba imizi-mveliso yokutyala nokuvelisa eUnited States iphumeze ubungcali bommandla, ulungelelwaniso olukhulu, kunye noomatshini, ugxininiso, ushishino, kunye nokunxibelelana kwemveliso yezolimo.
Ubungcali bommandla kunye noyilo olukhulu luphawu olucacileyo lwemveliso yezolimo yaseMelika. Ngokomzekelo, ummandla osembindini nomntla-mpuma ngokuyintloko uvelisa umbona, iimbotyi zesoya nengqolowa, ummandla osemazantsi wonxweme lwePasifiki ubukhulu becala uneziqhamo nemifuno, yaye ummandla osemazantsi wommandla weAtlantiki udume ngemimandla evelisa icuba. Yima; kukho namazwe ama-5 e-United States akhulisa isityalo esinye kuphela, kwaye amaphondo ama-4 akhula kuphela iintlobo ezi-2 zezityalo. I-Texas ine-14% yenkomo yenkomo yelizwe, kwaye i-Iowa's hog i-Iowa iyonke ilizwe. I-Arkansas ngowona mmandla mkhulu ovelisa irayisi e-United States (i-43% yemveliso yelizwe), kunye neqela lemizi-mveliso yewayini yaseCalifornia inabavelisi bewayini abangama-680 kunye namawakawaka abalimi beediliya, njl.; okwangoku, eUnited States Umlinganiselo okhethekileyo weefama zomqhaphu yi 79.6%, iifama zemifuno 87.3%, iifama zezityalo zentsimi 81.1%, iifama zezityalo ze-horticultural 98.5%, iifama zemithi yeziqhamo 96.3%, iifama zenkomo yenkomo 87.9%, iifama zobisi 84.2%, kunye iifama zenkukhu 96.3%; Amabhanti asithoba aphambili emveliso yezolimo e-United States aqhelekile ngakumbi kwiindawo zemveliso yezolimo, nganye kuzo ithe ngokuthe ngcembe yenze amaqela amakhulu amashishini ezolimo.
Ukusetyenziswa koomatshini kwimveliso yezolimo kuthetha ukuba iUnited States iphumeze imisebenzi yoomatshini phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zemveliso yezolimo.
Ukuqiniswa kwemveliso yezolimo, ngenxa yokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu kwimveliso yezolimo e-United States, kuye kwaphucula kakhulu iqondo lokuqiniswa kwemveliso yezolimo eUnited States. Ukunyuka "kwezolimo ezichanekileyo" bubungqina obungcono.
Ukwenziwa kwamashishini kwemveliso yezolimo kubhekiselele ekuvelisweni kweemveliso zezolimo ezichazwe ngokwemigangatho kunye nomgangatho osemgangathweni ngokwenkqubo yobungcali kunye nokusebenza komgca wokuhlanganisa ngokwemigaqo yemveliso yefektri. Ubume bentlalo yabasebenzi busondele kushishino. Ngokomzekelo, imifuno neziqhamo zivunwa ngokuthe ngqo entsimini. Ukuthuthwa kwifektri, emva kokubhaliswa kunye nokulinganisa, ingena kumgca wokucubungula ukucoca, ukuhlelwa, ukupakishwa, ukuqandisa, njl.; kukho kwakhona imveliso yezilwanyana zaseMelika, ukusuka ekukhuleni, ukuzala, ukuveliswa kweqanda kunye nobisi, njl., ziinkampani ezikhethekileyo ngokuhambelana nemigangatho Inkqubo, iinkcukacha kunye nomgangatho wemveliso, njalo njalo.
Ngentlalontle yeenkonzo zemveliso yezolimo, iifama zaseMelika ubukhulu becala ziifama zeentsapho. Nkqu ifama enkulu enomlinganiselo weehektare ezingama-530-1333 inabantu abathathu okanye aba-5 kuphela. Umsebenzi omkhulu ngolo hlobo uxhomekeke kwifama yodwa. , Ngokucacileyo ayinakukwazi. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yenkonzo yentlalontle yemveliso yezolimo eUnited States iphuhliswe kakhulu. Kukho inani elikhulu leenkampani ezikhethekileyo zenkonzo yezolimo eluntwini. Ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo zemveliso phambi kwemveliso, umhlaba olimekayo, ukutyala, ukuchumisa, kunye nokuvuna ngexesha lemveliso, nasemva kwemveliso. Ukuthutha, ukugcinwa, ukuthengisa, njl., Logama nje wenza umnxeba, umntu uya kuza emnyango wakho ngexesha.
Ubungcali, isikali, umatshini, ukuqina, kunye nenkonzo yentlalontle yindlela yokusebenza kweshishini langoku. Emva kokuba zisetyenzisiwe kwezolimo, ziye zaqalisa ngempumelelo i-epoch-making revolution kwiindlela zemveliso yezolimo zaseMelika kwaye zaphucula kakhulu ezolimo zaseMelika. Iqondo loshishino kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.
(3) Ngamashishini amakhulu okwenziwa kwemveliso yezolimo kunye nokuthengisa eUnited States alawula inkqubo yoshishino lwezolimo eUnited States.
Abathengisi abane abakhulu bengqolowa behlabathi (balawula i-80% yomthamo wokurhweba okuziinkozo kunye namandla acacileyo amaxabiso), bathathu eUnited States, oko kukuthi, i-ADM, i-Bunge kunye ne-Cargill, ezizezona ziphezulu ezintathu zokulungisa ukutya okuziinkozo kwihlabathi. -inkampani enkulu yezizwe ngezizwe kwiinkampani ezilishumi eziphezulu zehlabathi zokutya kunye neoyile yokurhweba; phakathi kwezona nkampani ziphezulu zilishumi zehlabathi ezilungisa ukutya, ezintandathu ziseUnited States, ukanti uKraft noTyson baphakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo; kwaye abahlanu kwabaphezulu abalishumi abathengisi bokutya behlabathi baseUnited States, iWal-Mart ibisoloko iyinkokeli; phakathi kwabo:
I-ADM inemizi-mveliso engama-270 kwihlabathi jikelele esebenza ekulungiseni nasekuveliseni iimveliso zolimo ezifana neenkozo kunye ne-oyile etyiwayo. Ngoku sesona sityumzayo sikhulu seembotyi zesoya e-United States, eyona processor inkulu yombona emanzi, eyesibini ngobukhulu umvelisi womgubo, kunye neyesibini ngobukhulu ukugcinwa kweenkozo kunye nokuthutha. Yeyona mveliso inkulu ehlabathini evelisa ukutya okuziinkozo kunye nembewu ye-oyile edibeneyo, ingoyena mvelisi mkhulu wehlabathi we-ethanol, kwaye ikwindawo yesihlanu ngobukhulu ukuthengisa ukutya okuziinkozo kumazwe angaphandle. Ngo-2010, ingeniso yokusebenza kwe-ADM ibe yi-69.2 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ikwindawo yama-88 kwiinkampani eziphezulu ezingama-500 zehlabathi.
I-Bunge inezityalo ezingaphezu kwama-450 eziziinkozo kunye ne-oyile kumazwe angama-32 kwihlabathi jikelele, ngengeniso yokusebenza ye-yuan eyi-41.9 yebhiliyoni ngo-2010, ibeka indawo ye-172 phakathi kweenkampani eziphezulu ezingama-500 zehlabathi. Okwangoku, iBunge yeyona processor inkulu eyomisiweyo e-United States, ikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu ekuthengiseni ngaphandle kweembotyi zesoya (ukutya kweembotyi zesoya kunye neoyile yeembotyi zesoya) kunye neyesithathu ngobukhulu iprosesa yeembotyi zesoya, indawo yesine enkulu yokugcina ukutya okuziinkozo e-US. ehlabathini, kunye nembewu yeoli inkulu. Iprosesa yezityalo.
Ngoku iCargill isebenza kwiifektri ezili-1,104 kumazwe angama-59 kwaye yeyona nto ivelisa ukutya kombona omkhulu eUnited States. Inemizila yokutya eyi-188 kwaye yaziwa ngokuba “yinkosi yokutya” yehlabathi. Kwangaxeshanye, iCargill ikwayinkampani yesithathu enkulu yokwenziwa komgubo eUnited States; eUnited States Indawo yesithathu enkulu yokuxhela, indawo yokupakisha kunye neyokulungisa inyama; eyona nkampani inkulu yokurhweba okuziinkozo ehlabathini, enelona nani likhulu lamathala eMelika.
I-Kraft Foods yeyesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni ekuveliseni ukutya okucutshungulweyo emva kweNestlé Foods yaseSwitzerland. Inemisebenzi kumazwe angaphezu kwama-70 kwaye iimveliso zayo zisasazwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-150 kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-2010, ingeniso yayo yokusebenza ibizibhiliyoni ezingama-40.4 zeeyuan, ibekwe phakathi kwama-500 aphezulu ehlabathini. Ibekwe kwindawo ye-179 phakathi kweenkampani ezinamandla. Iimveliso eziphambili zekofu, iilekese, izinja ezishushu, iibhiskithi kunye netshizi, kunye nezinye iimveliso zobisi.
ITyson Foods Co., Ltd., enengeniso yokusebenza eyi-27.2 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2010, ibekwe kwindawo yama-297 phakathi kweenkampani eziphezulu ezingama-500 zehlabathi. Yeyona mveliso inkulu yenkukhu ehlabathini. Ngoku ineevenkile ezilithoba kweziphezulu zehlabathi zokutyela ezili-100. Ukongeza, inyama yenkomo, inyama yehagu, kunye neemveliso zaselwandle zikaTyson nazo zinesabelo esikhulu kwimarike yehlabathi, kwaye zithengiswa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-54.
IWal-Mart lelona khonkco likhulu ehlabathini, lineevenkile ezingaphezu kwama-6,600 kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuthengisa ukutya lelinye lamashishini abalulekileyo. Ngo-2010, iWal-Mart yabeka kwindawo yokuqala kwabangama-500 abaphezulu behlabathi ngengeniso yokusebenza eyi-408.2 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan.
Ezi nkampani zinkulu zokulungisa imveliso yezolimo kunye neenkampani zokuthengisa zixhomekeke kuncedo lolwazi, uphando lwetekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso, inkunzi kunye nokuthengisa ukwenza uluhlu lwemveliso yezolimo enzulu ukunyusa ixabiso elongeziweyo lemveliso yezolimo, kunye nokuphonononga ngokukhutheleyo iimarike zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. ukwandisa isikali semveliso kunye nokudibanisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ukukhuthaza iimveliso zezolimo eMelika. Ukudityaniswa kokubonelela kunye nokuthengisa, ezolimo, ishishini kunye norhwebo ludlale indima ephambili ephambili ekuphuculeni ukhuphiswano olubanzi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yezolimo zaseMelika, kwaye lukhuthaze ngokuthe ngqo uphuhliso lweefama zeentsapho zaseMelika kunye noshishino lwezolimo lwaseMelika.
(4) I-US iphuhlise amashishini ezolimo anyukayo afana noomatshini bezolimo, iimbewu, izichumisi kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane zibonelele ngesiseko esiluqilima semathiriyeli soshishino lwezolimo lwase-US.
Phakathi kwabo, uJohn Deere kunye neCase New Holland ziingxilimbela kwishishini lehlabathi lokuvelisa oomatshini bezolimo, ngelixa iMonsanto, iDuPont, kunye neMaison zinezikhundla eziphambili kumashishini embewu, izichumisi kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane:
UJohn Deere ngoyena mvelisi mkhulu wehlabathi koomatshini bezolimo. Idume kwihlabathi lonke ngokuvelisa iseti epheleleyo yeetrektara zamahashe aphezulu kunye nezivuni ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nezinye iimveliso zoomatshini bezolimo ababanzi kunye neesiriyeli. Ngo-2010, ibekwe phakathi kwabaphezulu abangama-500 kwihlabathi ngengeniso yokusebenza eyi-23.1 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Inkampani ikwinqanaba le-372 kwaye ngoku ineefektri kumazwe angama-17, kwaye iimveliso zayo zithengiswa kumazwe angaphezu kwe-160 kunye nemimandla emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Case New Holland Company (ikomkhulu, indawo yobhaliso, kunye nesiseko esingundoqo semveliso sise-United States), imveliso ephambili yi-“Case” kunye ne-“New Holland” iintlobo ezimbini zeetrektara zezolimo, ezidibanisa abavuni kunye neebhali, abavuni umqhaphu, abavuni beswekile kunye olunye uthotho koomatshini bezolimo. Ineziseko zemveliso ezingama-39, amaziko angama-26 e-R&D kunye namaphulo angama-22 adibeneyo kumazwe ali-15. Iimveliso zayo zithengiswa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-160 kunye nemimandla ngokusebenzisa abasasazi be-11,500 kwihlabathi liphela. Iintengiso zonyaka zingaphezulu kwe-16 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika.
IMonsanto ikakhulu yinkampani yamazwe ngamazwe ye-biotechnology yezolimo, esebenzisa kakhulu i-biotechnology ukuphuhlisa iimarike zezityalo kunye neemveliso zokutshabalalisa ukhula. Imbewu yayo ye-4 engundoqo yesityalo (i-corn, i-soy, i-cotton kunye nengqolowa) kunye ne-"Nongda" (glyphosate) uchungechunge lwe-Herbicides luzise inzuzo enkulu kwiMonsanto. Kwi-2006, ingeniso yembewu yeMonsanto yayimalunga ne-US $ 4.5 yezigidigidi, ibala i-20% yokuthengiswa kwehlabathi. Okwangoku, iMonsanto yinkampani enkulu yembewu yehlabathi, ilawula i-23% ukuya kwi-41% yeenkozo zehlabathi kunye nembewu yemifuno. Ngokukodwa kwimarike yembewu eguqulwe ngokwemfuza, iMonsanto iye yaba sisigebenga esikhulu esingaphezu kwe-90% yezityalo zehlabathi. Iimbewu eziguqulwe ngokwemfuza zonke zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obunamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza.
I-DuPont yinkampani yeekhemikhali eziziintlobo ngeentlobo zamazwe ngamazwe, ibekwe kwindawo yama-296 kwabangama-500 abaphezulu behlabathi ngo-2010, kwaye umda woshishino wayo ubandakanya amashishini angaphezu kwama-20 afana neshishini lemichiza kunye nezolimo. Phakathi kwazo, imbewu yesityalo saseDuPont iquka umbona, iimbotyi zesoya, amazimba, ujongilanga, umqhaphu, irayisi kunye nengqolowa. Ngo-2006, ingeniso yembewu ye-DuPont yayimalunga ne-US$2.8 yeebhiliyoni, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinkampani yembewu yesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ukongeza, ukuhlakula kweDuPont, ukuvala inzala kunye neemveliso ezithathu zodidi oluphezulu zesibulali-zinambuzane nazo zaziwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Phakathi kwazo, amayeza okubulala izinambuzane eDuPont aquka iimveliso ezingaphezu kwesibhozo ezifana neKangkuan, ngaphezu kweshumi leentlobo zokubulala umngundo ezifana neXinwansheng, kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwesixhenxe zemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula njengeDaojiang. Ngo-2007 intengiso yesibulali-zinambuzane eDuPont yafikelela ngaphezulu kwe-US$2.7 yeebhiliyoni, ikwindawo yesihlanu kwihlabathi.
Iimveliso zesichumiso zale nkampani zithengiswa kumazwe angama-33 kumazwekazi amahlanu. Ngoku sesona sichumiso se-phosphate sikhulu ehlabathini kunye nomthengisi esinomthamo wonyaka wemveliso we-12.08 yezigidi zeetoni, ezibalelwa malunga ne-17% yesakhono sokuvelisa isichumiso se-phosphate yehlabathi kunye ne-58% yesakhono sokuvelisa isichumiso se-phosphate yase-US; Kwangaxeshanye, iLegg Mason ikwangowesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni wokuvelisa isichumiso sepotash kwaye yenye yezona zinto ziphambili emhlabeni zibonelela ngesichumiso senitrogen, enomthamo wonyaka wemveliso we-9.277 yezigidi zeetoni zesichumiso sepotash esibanzi kunye ne-1.19 yezigidi zeetoni zentengiso yesichumiso senitrogen.
(5) Ukongeza, amafelandawonye ezolimo aseMelika nawo adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ushishino lwezolimo lwaseMelika:
Oomasibambisane bezolimo baseMelika yimibutho ekhululekileyo eququzelelwe ngokuzenzekela ngamafama ngamanye ngenxa yokuthathela ingqalelo imveliso yabo kunye nomdla wokuthengisa phantsi kweemeko zoqoqosho lwemarike, kwaye injongo yabo kukunceda omnye nomnye kwaye kuzuze amalungu. Emaphandleni aseMelika, ookopolotyeni bezolimo baziwa kakhulu, kwaye kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili: ookopolotyeni bokubonelela kunye nokuthengisa, ookopolotyeni benkonzo, kunye namashishini amatyala. Ngo-2002, bekukho ngaphezu kwama-3,000 oomasibambisane bezolimo e-United States enamalungu azizigidi ezi-2.79, kubandakanywa i-2,760 yokubonelela kunye nentengiso kunye ne-380 yenkonzo yokubambisana.
Njengombutho ongajonganga ngeniso phakathi kweefama zeentsapho kunye nemarike, ookopolotyeni bezolimo baqokelela amafama asasazekileyo ukuze banxibelelane nemarike, kwaye xa bebonke, badibanisa uthethathethwano lwamazwe angaphandle, ukuthenga izinto ezidityanisiweyo, ukuthengiswa kwemveliso yezolimo kunye neenkonzo ezidityanisiweyo. Ngokudibeneyo ukuphendula kwimingcipheko yemarike. Oku akugcini nje ngokugcina amalungelo eefama zosapho ukuvelisa ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa kukwanceda amafama asombulule iingxaki ezininzi ezinje ngenkxaso-mali mboleko, ukubonelela ngemathiriyeli yemveliso yezolimo, ukusilela kwezolimo, ukucuthwa kwamaxabiso angaphakathi, kunye nokukhuthaza ubuchwephesha bezolimo, njalo njalo, kuncitshiswa iindleko zeMveliso. baye baphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye bakhuthaza imveliso yezolimo.
Kwinkqubo yoshishino lwezolimo e-United States, ukongeza kwimveliso yezolimo, ookopolotyeni bezolimo badlala indima yecandelo eliphambili loshishino lwezolimo eUnited States. Kwelinye icala, ookopolotyeni bezolimo banokubonelela amafama ngezinto eziyimfuneko ukuze bazibandakanye kwezolimo. , Ezinje ngoomatshini bezolimo kunye neendawo ezisetyenzisiweyo, iimbewu, izitshabalalisi, ukutya, isichumisi, i-oyile yamafutha kunye nezinye izinto; okanye unokuzibandakanya ekuqhutyweni nasekuthengiseni iimveliso zezolimo, ezifana nokucubungula kunye nokuthengisa umqhaphu, iimveliso zobisi, iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ukutya okuziinkozo kunye neoli, imfuyo kunye neenkukhu, iziqhamo ezomisiweyo, irayisi, iswekile kunye nezinye iimveliso zezolimo; kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezinxulumene nemveliso, ukuthengisa kunye nemisebenzi yokuthengwa kwempahla, njengokubonelela nge-cotton gins, ukuthuthwa kwemoto, ukuhlwayela ngesandla, ukugcinwa, ukomisa, kunye nolwazi kunye neenkonzo zobuchwepheshe; elinye Kwelinye icala, njengombutho ongumlamli, ookopolotyeni bezolimo baye baseka ubudlelwane bentsebenziswano obuzinzileyo phakathi kwamafama kunye namashishini ahlukeneyo oshishino kunye norhwebo ngokubonelela, ukuthengisa, ukusetyenzwa, kunye neenkonzo, kwaye babeka isiseko sokusebenza ngokudibeneyo kwamashishini ahlukeneyo eUnited States. States. Ngokucacileyo, ezolimo Le ndima yomanyano lookopolotyeni iyikhuthaze kakhulu inkqubo yoshishino lwezolimo eUnited States.
4. I-US ixhasa ezolimo kakhulu
Ngaphezu nje kweminyaka engama-200, iUnited States iye yodlula amazwe amaninzi aziwa ngempucuko yezolimo yaza yaba lelona gunya likhulu kwezolimo ehlabathini. Esinye sezona zizathu zibalulekileyo kukuba oorhulumente baseMelika abalandelelanayo baye bathatha ezolimo njengondoqo kuqoqosho lwelizwe kwaye baye bafumana inkxaso emandla. Umgaqo-nkqubo wokukhapha ezolimo ngokomthetho wezolimo, ulwakhiwo lweziseko ezingundoqo zezolimo, inkxaso yezemali, inkxaso-mali, ukuthotywa kwerhafu, njl.njl., ukhuthaze kakhulu uphuhliso lwezolimo eUnited States:
(1) Umthetho wezoLimo
Injongo kukukhusela ezolimo ngomthetho nokulawula ezolimo ngomthetho. Okwangoku, iUnited States iseke inkqubo yezomthetho yezolimo epheleleyo esekelwe kwaye igxile kumthetho wezolimo kwaye ixhaswa yimithetho ekhethekileyo ekhethekileyo engaphezu kwe-100.
A. UMthetho wezoLimo, oko kukuthi, “uMthetho woLungiso lwezoLimo” owapasiswa yiNkongolo yase-US ngoDisemba 1933, usukelo lwawo olusisiseko kukusombulula ingxaki yokuvelisa ngokugqithisileyo, ukunyusa amaxabiso emveliso yezolimo, nokwandisa ingeniso yamafama. Ukusukela ngoko, umthetho wenze izilungiso eziphambili ezili-17 kumaxesha ahlukeneyo embali, ubeka isiseko sokulawula yonke imisebenzi yoqoqosho lwezolimo lwaseMelika.
B. Imithetho enxulumene nophuhliso nokusetyenziswa komhlaba wezolimo. Phakathi kwayo, ngaphezulu kwemithetho esi-8 efana noMthetho weHomestead kunye noMthetho weKholeji yeSibonelelo soMhlaba unempembelelo enkulu. Le mithetho iphumelele ukuthengiswa komhlaba wabucala e-United States, igcina eyona ndlela igqwesileyo yokusetyenziswa komhlaba, kwaye ngokusemthethweni Idlale indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo kunye nolungelelwaniso lomhlaba wabucala.
C. Imithetho enxulumene negalelo lezolimo kunye nekhredithi yezolimo. Ukongeza kumthetho wezolimo, kukho imithetho engaphezulu kwe-10 efana ne-“Agricultural Loan Act” enika ngokuthe ngqo imigaqo eneenkcukacha ngegalelo lezolimo kunye netyala lezolimo eUnited States, ukuze kusekwe kwaye kulawuleke ishishini elikhulu lezolimo lelizwe. Inkqubo yamatyala yenze igalelo elincomekayo.
D. Imithetho enxulumene nokomeleza inkxaso yexabiso lemveliso yezolimo kunye nokhuseleko. Ukongeza kumthetho wezolimo, imithetho engaphezu kwemihlanu equka uMthetho weSivumelwano sokuThengisa iMveliso yezoLimo idlale indima eqinisekileyo ekujikelezweni kweemveliso zezolimo eUnited States kunye nenkxaso yexabiso lemveliso yezolimo.
E. Imithetho enxulumene norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lweemveliso zezolimo, ezifana ne “Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996″, isuse imiqobo yamafama aseMelika ukuba angene kwimarike yehlabathi ngokuzimeleyo, kwaye yandisa kakhulu ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso yezolimo yaseMelika.
F. Imithetho enxulumene nokukhuselwa kobutyebi bendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa uMthetho woKhuseleko lweMithombo yeNdalo kunye noBuyiselo kunye nemithetho engaphezu kwemine ekhusela ubutyebi bendalo eUnited States ngokukhusela umhlaba, imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ukuthintela ukungcoliseka kwamanzi, nokulawula ubutyebi bendalo. ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza efana nezibulali zinambuzane. Idlale indima enkulu ekugcineni ulungelelwano lwendalo.
G. Eminye imithetho elawula ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho kwezolimo e-United States, njengoMthetho wokuKhuthazwa kweNtsebenziswano, uMthetho we-Afforestation, uMthetho woLondolozo lweNdalo kunye noLawulo, i-Federal Crop Insurance Act, kunye noMthetho woNcedo lweNtlekele, njl.
(2) Ulwakhiwo lwezibonelelo zezolimo
Kule minyaka ilikhulu idlulileyo, ukuze kukhuthazwe uphuhliso lwezolimo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ezolimo sisiseko esicwangcisiweyo soqoqosho lwesizwe, iUnited States iye yaqhubeka isomeleza ulwakhiwo lweziseko zophuhliso lwezolimo ngokugcina amanzi efama, uthutho lwasemaphandleni, umbane, unxibelelwano kunye ne-Intanethi njenge umxholo ophambili. Izibonelelo zezolimo ze-Heahe zigqibelele, kwaye zenze igalelo elibalaseleyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuphuculwa kwezolimo lwaseMelika. Indlela yayo ethile:
Eyokuqala lulwakhiwo lokugcinwa kwamanzi kwifama yaseDaxing. I-United States iye yakha ngokulandelelana inani elikhulu leendawo zokunkcenkceshela kunye nokuthintela izikhukhula, amadama, ukunkcenkceshela kunye nemijelo yokuhambisa amanzi, kwaye yabeka inani elikhulu lothungelwano lwemibhobho yokunkcenkceshela kwilizwe lonke. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze kulungiswe ingxaki yembalela kummandla osentshona, iUnited States iye yaseka ngokulandelelanayo ummandla osentshona. Amadama angama-350 amakhulu naphakathi akhiwe ukunika amanzi awoneleyo okunkcenkceshela kwiifama ezinkulu ezili-12 ezisasazeke ngaphezulu kwe-54 yezigidi zeehektare zomhlaba. Phakathi kwabo, iCalifornia lelona lizwe likhulu lezolimo eUnited States, kwaye urhulumente wakhe enye yezona njongo zininzi emhlabeni. Iprojekthi yolwakhiwo lolondolozo lwamanzi, le projekthi ineendawo zokugcina amanzi ezingama-29 zizonke, izikhululo zokumpompa ezili-18, amaziko okumpompa amandla ama-4, amaziko ombane ama-5 ombane kunye neekhilomitha ezingaphezu kwe-1,000 zemisele nemibhobho. Okwangoku, indawo yokunkcenkceshela e-United States ifikelele kwi-25 yezigidi zeehektare, ibalwa kwi-13% yendawo yokulima, apho indawo yokunkcenkceshela i-8 yeehektare zezigidi, ibeka kuqala kwihlabathi.
Okwesithathu kukukhuthaza ngamandla ukwenziwa kwamagunya asemaphandleni. Ulwakhiwo olukhulu lwamandla asemaphandleni eUnited States lwaqala ngokubhengezwa koMthetho wokuFakwa koMbane waseMaphandleni kunye noMthetho wamaKopolotyeni oMbane ngowe-1936, owavumela ookopolotyeni bamandla basemaphandleni ukuba bafumane isixa esikhulu semali-mboleko yexesha elide enenzala ephantsi yokwakha amandla. izityalo (Kubandakanya hydropower, amandla thermal, njl), izikhululo zonikezelo lwamandla kunye nemigca yokuhambisa, njl. Ngaphezu koko, ookopolotyeni bamandla asemaphandleni banelungelo lokuqala lokuthenga amandla kuwo onke amandla ombane kurhulumente wobumbano kunye namaxabiso ombane akhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abalimi kwiindawo zabo banokufumana unikezelo lwamandla olwaneleyo. Okwangoku, iUnited States lelona lizwe livelisa amandla amakhulu ehlabathini. Ukuveliswa kombane ngonyaka kwenza phantse ama-30% ewonke amandla ombane ehlabathi, afikelele kwi-4 yetriliyoni zeekilowatt-iiyure. Ngaphezu koko, iUnited States nayo ineekhilomitha ezingama-320,000 zeentambo zothumelo lwevoltage ephezulu, kubandakanywa nezikhululo zamandla zengingqi. Kwaye igridi ibandakanya ama-cooperatives okuhambisa amandla angama-60 kunye ne-875 yokusabalalisa i-Rural Power e-United States.
Okwesine, inani elikhulu lonxibelelwano lwasemaphandleni (iimfonomfono ezisisigxina, iiselfowuni eziphathwayo, umabonakude wentambo, kunye ne-Intanethi, njl.njl.) amaziko akhiwe. Njengelizwe eliphuhlileyo kushishino lwezonxibelelwano, iUnited States yeyokuqala ehlabathini ukwenza iimfonomfono ezisisigxina kunye neeselfowuni kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni nakweminye imimandla yeli lizwe. , iCable TV kunye ne-Intanethi. Ngoku, ugqaliselo kulwakhiwo lonxibelelwano lwasemaphandleni e-United States kukuphuculwa kweenkqubo zonxibelelwano kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kunye neeprojekthi zokufikelela kwi-Intanethi. Ngokwamalungiselelo eNkqubo yoBuyiselo noTyalo-mali yase-US ngo-2009, iSebe lezoLimo lase-US kunye noLawulo lwezoNxibelelwano lweSizwe kunye noLawulo lweeNkcukacha bafumene i-7.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika kwinkxaso-mali yobunjineli bebroadband. Ngowama-2010 kuphela, iSebe lezoLimo lase-US libonelele ngoncedo lwemali kumazwe angama-38 ase-US nakwimimandla. Ummandla wesizwe wabelwe i-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zase-US kwizibonelelo kunye neemali-mboleko zokwakha iiprojekthi ze-126 zokufakela i-broadband, kubandakanywa: umgca we-digital subscriber line (DSL), i-wireless-fixed-line kunye nezinye iiprojekthi ze-broadband kumazwe asixhenxe aquka iGeorgia, iTexas, ne-Missouri; Iiprojekthi ze-Kentucky Optical fiber network kwezinye iindawo zelizwe lasentshona kunye neTennessee; Iiprojekthi ezili-10 zenethiwekhi yokufikelela ngaphandle kwamacingo (WiMax) kumazwe asi-7 aquka i-Alabama, i-Ohio ne-Illinois, njl. njl. Ukugqitywa kwezi projekthi zebroadband kuya kukhuthaza ngokuthe ngqo ulwazi lwezolimo lwase-US ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha kwaye kudalwe iimeko ezingcono zokuphucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso yezolimo yase-US.
Ngokwenkxaso ye-inshurensi, i-inshurensi yezolimo yase-US iphantsi koxanduva lwe-Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. Ngo-2007 kuphela, i-inshorensi yezolimo yase-US yagubungela i-272 yezigidi zeehektare zendawo yokutyala, kunye nesixa setyala le-US $ 67.35 yebhiliyoni, intlawulo ye-US $ 6.56 yebhiliyoni, kunye nembuyekezo ye-US $ 3.54 yebhiliyoni. Inkxaso-mali karhulumente kwi-inshurensi yezolimo yi-3.82 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika.
Ixesha elide, urhulumente wase-US uye wagcina utyalo-mali olukhulu kwityala lezolimo kunye ne-inshurensi yezolimo, eye yavuselela kakhulu uphuhliso lwezolimo lwase-US. Ngaphezu koko, kwintlekele yemali ekhoyo ngoku, inkqubo yetyala lezolimo nenkqubo yeinshorensi yezolimo yaseUnited States ngokusisiseko ayizange ichaphazeleke, yaye imithombo yayo eyaneleyo yenkxaso-mali yanikela inkxaso eyomeleleyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba iUnited States ikwisikhundla sokuqala kwezolimo.
(4) Inkxaso-mali
Umgaqo-nkqubo wenkxaso-mali yezolimo wase-US waqala “kuMthetho woLungiso lwezoLimo” ngo-1933. Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-70 yophuhliso, inkqubo yenkxaso yezolimo egqibeleleyo necwangcisiweyo iye yasekwa. Yonke le nkqubo inokwahlulwa ngokwezigaba ezithathu.
Inqanaba lokuqala linqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wenkxaso yexabiso ukusuka ku-1933 ukuya ku-1995, oko kukuthi, iinkxaso-mali zezolimo zinxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo namaxabiso emarike.
Inqanaba lesibini linqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wenkxaso-mali yengeniso ukusuka ku-1996 ukuya ku-2001, oko kukuthi, inkxaso-mali iyahluthwa kwixabiso lemarike lonyaka kwaye ifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwingeniso yamafama.
Inqanaba lesithathu linqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wenkxaso-mali yexabiso lengeniso emva kuka-2002. Kukho zombini iinkxaso-mali zengeniso kunye nenkxaso yexabiso. Iimpawu zayo eziphambili zezi:
A. Inani lenkxaso-mali lifikelele kwelona nqanaba liphezulu embalini. Ngexesha lika-2002 ukuya ku-2007, umndilili wenkcitho yenkxaso yezolimo ngonyaka ube malunga ne-US$19 yebhiliyoni ukuya kwi-US$21 yebhiliyoni, ukonyuka kwe-US$5.7 yebhiliyoni ukuya kwi-US$7.7 yebhiliyoni xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka edlulileyo. Iyonke kwiminyaka eyi-6 ifikelele kwi-US $ 118.5 billion. Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-190 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-23-2021