Amerika iherereye muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru rwagati, ihana imbibi na Kanada mu majyaruguru, Mexico mu majyepfo, inyanja ya Atalantika mu burasirazuba, inyanja ya pasifika iburengerazuba. Ubuso bwubutaka ni kilometero kare 9.37, muribibaya biri munsi ya metero 500 hejuru yinyanja bingana na 55% byubutaka; ubuso bwahinzwe burenga miliyari 2.8 mu, bingana na 20% byubutaka bwose hamwe na 13% byubutaka bwahinzwe ku isi. Byongeye kandi, ibice birenga 70% byubutaka bwo guhinga byibanda mubibaya binini no mubutayu bwimbere mugace kanini gakwirakwizwa, kandi ubutaka ahanini ni ubutaka bwumukara bwatsi (harimo na chernozem), ubutaka bwigituza nubutaka bwijimye bwijimye. Ahanini, ibinyabuzima birimo ni byinshi, bikwiranye cyane no gukura kw ibihingwa; ubuso nyakatsi ni miliyari 3.63 mu, bingana na 26.5% byubutaka bwose, bingana na 7.9% byubutaka nyaburanga ku isi, biza ku mwanya wa gatatu kwisi; ubuso bwamashyamba bugera kuri hegitari miliyoni 270, ubwishingizi bwamashyamba Igipimo kingana na 33%, ni ukuvuga 1/3 cyubutaka bwigihugu ni amashyamba. Umugabane w'isi ufite ikirere gishyuha kandi gishyuha; mu majyepfo ya Floride ifite ikirere gishyuha; Alaska ifite ikirere cyo ku isi; Hawaii ifite ikirere gishyuha; ibice byinshi byigihugu bifite imvura nyinshi kandi iringaniza imvura, impuzandengo yimvura ya mm 760.
Ibi bidukikije bidasanzwe, ikirere gitandukanye gikwiye, hamwe nubutunzi bukize bwubutaka bitanga umusingi wingenzi kugirango Amerika ibe igihugu cyateye imbere kwisi mubuhinzi.
Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zagiye zifata umwanya wa mbere mu musaruro w’ubuhinzi n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga. Muri bo:
(1) Umusaruro w'ibihingwa. Dufashe nk'urugero rwa 2007, Amerika yari ifite imirima ingana na miliyoni 2.076, kandi umusaruro w’ingano wari hafi kimwe cya gatanu cy’umusaruro ku isi. Nicyo gihugu kinini cyohereza ibicuruzwa hanze mu buhinzi, nk'ingano 56 (toni miliyoni), n'icya gatatu ku isi. , Kubara 9.3% yumusaruro wisi yose; ibyoherezwa mu mahanga 35.5 (toni miliyoni), bingana na 32.1% by'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi. Ibigori 332 (toni miliyoni), iyambere kwisi, bingana na 42,6% byumusaruro rusange wisi; ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byari 63 (toni miliyoni), bingana na 64.5% by’ibicuruzwa byoherejwe ku isi. Soya ni 70 (toni miliyoni), iyambere ku isi, ikaba ifite 32.0% by’umusaruro rusange ku isi; ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ni 29.7 (toni miliyoni), bingana na 39.4% by'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi. Umuceri (utunganijwe) 6.3 (toni miliyoni), uwa 12 kwisi, bingana na 1.5% byumusaruro rusange wisi; ibyoherezwa mu mahanga 3.0 (toni miliyoni), bingana na 9.7% by'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi. Impamba 21,6 (miriyoni ya bales), iya gatatu kwisi, ihwanye na 17.7% byumusaruro rusange wisi; ibyoherezwa mu mahanga 13.0 (miliyoni bales), bingana na 34.9% by'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi.
Byongeye kandi, ibindi bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe by’ibihingwa muri Amerika nabyo bifite inyungu nyinshi zo guhatanira isoko mpuzamahanga. Kurugero, muri 2008, umusaruro wa rhizomes muri Amerika wari toni miliyoni 19.96, uza ku mwanya wa munani kwisi; ibishyimbo toni miliyoni 2.335, biza ku mwanya wa kane ku isi toni 660.000 zafashwe ku ngufu, biza ku mwanya wa 13 ku isi; Toni miliyoni 27.603 z'ibisheke, biza ku mwanya wa 10 ku isi; Toni miliyoni 26.837 za beterave yisukari, iza kumwanya wa gatatu kwisi; Toni miliyoni 28.203 z'imbuto (ukuyemo melon), ziza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi; rindira.
(2) Ubworozi. Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zahoze ari igihangange mu gukora no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu bworozi. Dufashe urugero rwa 2008, ibicuruzwa byingenzi nkinka zinka miliyoni 12.236, bingana na 19% byumusaruro wisi, biza kumwanya wa mbere kwisi; ingurube toni miliyoni 10.462, zingana na 10% by’umusaruro w’isi, Ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi; Toni miliyoni 2014 z'inyama z'inkoko, zingana na 22% by'umusaruro w'isi, uza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi; amagi toni miliyoni 5.339, bingana na 9% by’umusaruro w’isi, biza ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi; amata toni miliyoni 86.179, bingana na 15% by’umusaruro w’isi, biza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi; foromaje toni miliyoni 4.82, bingana na 30% byumusaruro wisi, biza kumwanya wa mbere kwisi.
(3) Umusaruro w'uburobyi. Dufashe 2007 nk'urugero, umusaruro w'amafi wari toni miliyoni 4.109, uza ku mwanya wa gatandatu ku isi, muri yo amafi yo mu nyanja yari toni 3.791.000 naho amafi yo mu mazi meza akaba toni 318.000.
(4) Umusaruro ukomoka ku mashyamba. Dufashe urugero rwa 2008, ibicuruzwa byingenzi nka hazeln byari toni 33.000, biza kumwanya wa gatatu kwisi; ibinyomoro byari toni 290.000, biza kumwanya wa kabiri kwisi.
Abatuye muri Amerika bagera kuri miliyoni 300 gusa, muri bo abaturage b’ubuhinzi bari munsi ya 2% y’abaturage bose b’igihugu, ariko ni miliyoni 6 gusa. Nyamara, mugihe cyo gushyira mubikorwa uburyo bwo kugabanya umusaruro ukabije, ubwoko bwinshi bwisi burahingwa. Ibinyampeke byinshi, byujuje ubuziranenge, ibikomoka ku bworozi nibindi bicuruzwa byubuhinzi. Impamvu nuko usibye imiterere idasanzwe, intsinzi yubuhinzi bwabanyamerika igomba no guterwa nimpamvu nyamukuru zikurikira:
1. Umukandara munini wo gutera ubuhinzi muri Amerika
Ishirwaho nogukwirakwiza agace kayo ko guhinga ni ibisubizo byingaruka ziterwa nibintu byinshi nkikirere (ubushyuhe, imvura, urumuri, ubushuhe, nibindi), imiterere yubutaka, ubutaka, isoko yamazi, abaturage (isoko, umurimo, ubukungu) n'ibindi. Ubu buryo bunini bwo guhinga bushingiye ku bidukikije bushobora kwerekana ibyiza byimiterere karemano kugirango bigire ingaruka nini; bifasha mugutanga neza umutungo, kubyara ibicuruzwa, no kuzamura ireme ryibicuruzwa byubuhinzi; ifasha umusaruro munini wimashini zikoresha imashini, umusaruro usanzwe hamwe n’umusaruro wihariye no gucunga inganda mu buhinzi; ifasha kubaka inyubako nini zo kubungabunga amazi n’ibindi bikorwa remezo by’ubuhinzi no guteza imbere no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi. Ifasha mu buryo butaziguye abahinzi b’abanyamerika kuzamura umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, kandi amaherezo igera ku kugabanya ibiciro n’inyungu Intego yo kugwiza.
Imikandara yo guhinga muri Amerika ikwirakwizwa cyane mu turere dutanu, muri two:
(1) Umukandara w'inka urwuri mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba na “Ubwongereza bushya”. Yerekeza kuri leta 12 iburasirazuba bwa Virginie. Imiterere karemano ni ikirere gikonje nubukonje, ubutaka butarumbuka, igihe gito kitarimo ubukonje, ntibikwiye guhingwa, ariko bikwiranye no gukura urwuri n ibigori bya silage, bityo rero birakwiriye guteza imbere ubworozi. Byongeye kandi, kariya gace nako gakorerwa cyane mubirayi, pome n'inzabibu.
(2) Umukandara wibigori mugice cyamajyaruguru-hagati. Yerekeza kuri leta 8 hafi y'Ibiyaga Bigari. Imiterere karemano ni hasi kandi igororotse, ubutaka bwimbitse, ubushyuhe bwinshi mugihe cyimpeshyi nizuba, nubushuhe bwinshi, bifasha cyane gukura niterambere ryibigori. Kubera iyo mpamvu, aka karere kahindutse ahantu hanini cyane ku musaruro w’ibigori ku isi; icyarimwe; Aka kandi ni agace kanini cyane ka soya muri Amerika, aho imirima ya soya igera kuri 54% by'igihugu cyose; hiyongereyeho, umusaruro w'ingano hano nawo ufite umwanya w'ingenzi muri Amerika.
(3) Ibibaya binini Umukandara w'ingano. Iherereye mu turere two hagati n’amajyaruguru ya Amerika, ikorera muri leta 9. Ubu ni ikibaya kinini kiri munsi ya metero 500 hejuru yinyanja. Ubutaka buringaniye, ubutaka burumbuka, imvura nubushyuhe icyarimwe, isoko yamazi irahagije, kandi imbeho ni ndende kandi ikonje cyane, ibereye gukura ingano. Ubuso bwahinzwe ingano muri kano karere ubusanzwe bingana na 70% byigihugu.
(4) Umukandara w'ipamba mu majyepfo. Ahanini yerekeza kuri leta eshanu za Delta ya Mississippi ku nkombe za transatlantike. Imiterere karemano y'aka gace ni hasi kandi iringaniye, ubutaka burumbuka, uburebure buke, ubushyuhe buhagije, imvura nyinshi mu mpeshyi no mu cyi n'izuba ryumye, bikwiranye no gukura kw'ipamba. Hafi ya kimwe cya gatatu cy’imirima y’ipamba mu gihugu yibanda hano, hamwe nubuso bwa hegitari zirenga miliyoni 1.6, naho umusaruro uva kuri 36% byigihugu. Muri byo, Arkansas n’akarere k’umuceri munini utanga umuceri muri Amerika, hamwe n’umusaruro rusange wa 43%. Byongeye kandi, mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba bwa Amerika, harimo uturere tw’umugezi wa Californiya na Arizona tuzwi ku izina rya “izuba riva”, na byo bingana na 22% by’umusaruro w’igihugu.
(5) Ahantu hose h’ubuhinzi ku nkombe za pasifika, cyane cyane nka Washington, Oregon, na California. Umukandara w'ubuhinzi wibasiwe n'ubushyuhe bwa Pasifika, kandi ikirere cyoroheje kandi gifite ubuhehere, bukwiranye no gukura kw'ibihingwa bitandukanye. Imboga nyinshi, imbuto n'imbuto zumye muri Amerika biva aha hantu; hiyongereyeho, ikungahaye kandi ku muceri n'ingano.
2. Ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi muri Amerika niterambere cyane
Mu mateka yose, siyanse y’ubuhinzi n’ikoranabuhanga yamye iyobora kandi ikanyura mu nzira zose z’iterambere ry’ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika. Sisitemu nini nini yubushakashatsi bwa siyanse, uburezi, no kuzamura hamwe n’inkunga nini byagenze neza cyane, kandi byagize uruhare mu kuzamura Amerika nk’inganda nini z’ubuhinzi ku isi. Ibihugu bikomeye byagize uruhare runini mu kuyobora.
Kugeza ubu, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hari ibigo bine bikomeye by’ubushakashatsi (bishamikiye kuri serivisi ishinzwe ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi muri Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi yo muri Amerika), amashuri makuru y’ubuhinzi arenga 130, sitasiyo 56 z’ubuhinzi z’ubuhinzi, sitasiyo 57 zo kwagura amakoperative y’ibihugu, n’ibigo byongera amakoperative y’ubuhinzi arenga 3.300. Hariho amashuri makuru y’amashyamba 63, amashuri y’amatungo 27, abahanga mu buhinzi 9,600, n’abakozi bashinzwe kwagura ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi bagera ku 17.000. Byongeye kandi, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hari ibigo 1200 byubushakashatsi byubumenyi bikora cyane cyane muburyo butandukanye mubuhinzi. Imishinga yabo ya serivisi ikubiyemo cyane cyane gukora iterambere ryashinzwe no guhererekanya ibyagezweho na siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga. Byongeye kandi, ibyiza by’ubuhinzi-buhanga bw’ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika bikubiye mu bintu bitatu, aribyo gukoresha imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi, ikoranabuhanga ry’ibinyabuzima, no kumenyekanisha ubuhinzi.
(1) Umusaruro ukoreshwa cyane mubuhinzi
Imirima yo muri Amerika ifite ibikoresho bitandukanye bya mashini hamwe nibikoresho byuzuye byunganira, nkubwoko butandukanye bwimashini (hafi miliyoni 5, hafi ya 73.5KW, kugeza kuri 276KW); abasaruzi batandukanye ba kombine (miliyoni 1.5); imashini zinyuranye Zirekura (chisel irekura cyane, amasuka yamababa arekura cyane, yinyeganyeza irekuye cyane na gooseneck irekura cyane, nibindi); imashini zitandukanye zitegura ubutaka (ibyuma bya disiki, inzara zinyo, imirongo ya roller, umuzingo, imishwarara yubutaka bworoshye, nibindi); Imashini zitandukanye zo gutera imbuto (imyitozo yintete, imyitozo y ibigori, imbuto zipamba, gukwirakwiza urwuri, nibindi); imashini zitandukanye zo gukingira ibihingwa (sprayers, umukungugu, imashini zitunganya ubutaka, imashini zitunganya imbuto, gukwirakwiza uduce duto, nibindi) hamwe nubwoko bwose bwimashini ikora hamwe nubwoko bwose bwo kuhira imyaka, kuvomera imiti, ibikoresho byo kuhira ibitonyanga, nibindi, mubimenya hafi ibintu byose uhereye kubutaka buhingwa, kubiba, kuhira, gufumbira, gutera kugeza gusarura, guhunika, gutunganya, gutwara, guhitamo, gukama, kubika, nibindi. Gukoresha umusaruro wibihingwa. Ku bijyanye n'ubworozi n'ubworozi bw'inkoko, cyane cyane inkoko n'inka, umusaruro w’ibikomoka ku matungo umaze gukoreshwa no gukoresha imashini bitewe no gukoresha cyane imashini n’ibikoresho byuzuye nko gusya ibiryo, imashini zonsa, no kubika amata no kuyatunganya. Hariho ibindi bicuruzwa byinshi byubuhinzi bitunganya, kimwe gikeneye gusa gukanda buto kugirango uhite urangira.
Umusaruro munini wimashini zazamuye umusaruro cyane mubuhinzi bwabanyamerika. Ubu, ugereranije, buri mukozi ushinzwe ubuhinzi mumirima yabanyamerika arashobora guhinga hegitari 450, ashobora kwita ku nkoko 60.000 kugeza 70.000, inka 5.000, kandi akabyara ibiro birenga 100.000. Itanga hafi ibiro 10,000 by'inyama kandi igaburira Abanyamerika 98 n'abanyamahanga 34.
(2) Kuyobora ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku buhinzi ku isi
Ikindi kintu cyingenzi kiranga ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika ni uko buri gihe riha agaciro gakomeye ikoreshwa rya tekinoloji y’ibinyabuzima mu bijyanye n’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi. Impamvu nuko ubwoko bwinyamanswa n’ibimera byatejwe imbere n’ibinyabuzima bishobora kuzamura cyane ubwiza, umusaruro n’indwara ziterwa n’inyamaswa n’ibimera. , Bishobora kongera cyane umusaruro wumurimo wubuhinzi bwabanyamerika. Kurugero, intambwe ikomeye mumashanyarazi gakondo yubuhinzi bwibinyabuzima nko korora imvange byazanye inyungu nini mubukungu muri Amerika. Muri byo, ubwoko bw’ibigori butanga umusaruro mwinshi bufite umusaruro ugereranije wa 8697 kg / ha mu 1994, wiyongereyeho 92% kuva 1970.%; Ingurube imwe ikunzwe irashobora kongera ibiro bya buri munsi ku kigero cya 1.5% kandi igabanya ibiryo 5-10%; kandi inka nziza zo mu bwoko bwa Hybrid zishobora kubyara inyama zinka 10-15%. Byongeye kandi, ikoreshwa ryinshi ry’amasohoro yakonjeshejwe mu buryo bwo gutera intanga mu nka, amata y’inka, intama, ingurube n’inkoko na byo byongereye cyane umubare w’imyororokere y’izi nyamaswa.
Kugeza ubu, ibimera byahinduwe mu buryo bwa geneti ni urwego rwingenzi mu bushakashatsi no gushyira mu bikorwa ibinyabuzima bigezweho by’ubuhinzi. Ni muri urwo rwego, Amerika iri imbere cyane y'ibindi bihugu. Ibimera byitwa transgenji bivuga gukoresha tekinoroji ya ADN ya recombinant kugirango yimure imico mishya itandukanye y’ibimera ndetse n’inyamaswa ku bimera bisabwa kugira ngo ihinge icyiciro cy’umusaruro mwinshi, urwanya udukoko, udashobora kurwanya indwara, amapfa- n’umwuzure w’umwuzure. Ubwoko bushya bwibihingwa byiza. Kurugero, koresha tekinoroji yubuhanga mu kumenyekanisha ingirabuzimafatizo zimwe na zimwe mu bihingwa by’ibinyampeke kugira ngo ubone ingano za poroteyine nyinshi n’ibigori bya poroteyine nyinshi; kwimura ingirabuzimafatizo ya bagiteri mu ipamba kugirango ipamba irwanye ipamba; Ingirabuzimafatizo zifite ubushyuhe buke zashyizwe mu nyanya kugirango zibone inyanya zidashobora gukonja; ingirabuzima fatizo za cactus zatewe mu ngano no mu bihingwa bya soya, kandi habonetse ubwoko bushya bw’ibinyampeke butanga umusaruro mwinshi bushobora gukura ku butaka bwumutse kandi butarumbuka.
Kuva mu 2004, binyuze mu buryo bwa genoside, uburyo bwo korora ibinyabuzima, Amerika yahinze neza ibihingwa byinshi byahinduwe mu buryo bwa genoside nk'ipamba irwanya udukoko, ibigori birwanya udukoko, ibigori birwanya ibyatsi, ibirayi birwanya udukoko, soya irwanya ibyatsi, canola, n'ipamba. Muri byo, ubwoko 59 (harimo 17 bwibigori bya biotech, ubwoko 9 bwimbuto, ubwoko 8 bw ipamba, ubwoko 6 bwinyanya, ubwoko bwibirayi 4, ubwoko bwa soya 3, ubwoko 3 bwibishyimbo, ubwoko 2 bwibihwagari, umuceri, Ingano, flax, papaya, Roman melon, chicory, hamwe ninzabibu zaciwe bentgrass (1 buri) byemejwe kugirango bicururizwe kandi bishyirwe mu bikorwa, bitezimbere cyane ubwiza n’umusaruro w’ibihingwa by’Abanyamerika Urugero, agace ka soya yo muri Amerika muri 2004 kari 2573. Ubuso bwibigori bya biotech bwari Hegitari miliyoni 14.74, mu gihe ubuso bwa pamba ya biotech bwari hegitari miliyoni 4.21, nini cyane ku isi. Muri uwo mwaka, Amerika yongereye umusaruro w’ibihingwa miliyari 6.6 kandi yinjiza miliyari 2.3 z’amadolari y’Amerika, ariko ibicuruzwa birwanya udukoko Kugabanuka kwa 34% no kugabanuka kwa miliyoni 15.6 pound byazigamye amafaranga menshi ku bahinzi b’abanyamerika kandi bigabanya cyane umwanda w’ibidukikije.
Mu bindi bice by’ubuhinzi bw’ibinyabuzima, Amerika nayo ifite amahirwe menshi yo guhatanira. Kurugero: Kubijyanye nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko, Amerika yashoboye kuvana ibintu byingirakamaro mubanzi karemano b’udukoko, cyangwa guhuza ibintu by’ubumara mu banzi karemano by’udukoko kugira ngo dukore imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza; Reta zunzubumwe zamerika zikoresha kandi ibitekerezo byica udukoko twangiza udukoko hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhindura ingirabuzima fatizo kugira ngo habeho umusaruro Niba hari mikorobe zifite imiti myinshi yica udukoko hamwe nuburozi bukomeye, zirashobora "gukira hamwe na bagiteri" mugihe cyose zatewe udukoko twangiza; ibihingwa, kugera ku ntego yo kwica udukoko no kurengera ibidukikije.
Ku bijyanye n’inyamaswa zahinduwe mu buryo bwa genoside, abahanga b’abanyamerika bimuye neza ingirabuzima fatizo zimwe na zimwe mu magi yatewe intanga, ingurube, intama n’andi matungo yo mu rugo n’inkoko, bityo bakabona amoko meza y’amatungo n’inkoko; hiyongereyeho, Reta zunzubumwe zunzubumwe zamerika zakoresheje uburyo bwubwubatsi bwa genetike kugirango yimure bimwe na bimwe imisemburo ikura yinyamanswa ikwirakwizwa muri bagiteri, hanyuma bagiteri ziragwira kugirango zitange imisemburo myinshi yingirakamaro. Iyi misemburo irashobora guteza imbere intungamubiri za poroteyine no gukoresha ibinure mu bworozi no mu bworozi bw’inkoko, bityo bikihutisha iterambere n’iterambere, ni ukuvuga kongera umusaruro w’amatungo n’inkoko ndetse no kuzamura ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa bitarinze kongera ibiryo.
Ku bijyanye n’ubushakashatsi ku gukumira no kurwanya indwara z’amatungo n’inkoko, Amerika yashoboye gutandukanya no gukwirakwiza ingirabuzimafatizo z’umubiri, zateye intambwe nini mu kurwanya no kurandura indwara z’amatungo n’inkoko; ukoresheje ibinyabuzima, Amerika yanateje imbere inkingo zimwe na zimwe zikoreshwa mu buhanga bw’imiti n’imiti y’inyamaswa. (Harimo imisemburo yo gukura kumatungo) nuburyo bwiza kandi bwihuse bwo kumenya no gusuzuma.
Byongeye kandi, Amerika iyoboye isi cyane cyane mu bushakashatsi bw’ibanze ku bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima bikomoka ku buhinzi, nka biologiya y’ibimera, ikarita y’inyamanswa n’ibimera, ikoranabuhanga rya genoside rimenyekanisha, hamwe no kumenya chromosome. Ibindi binyabuzima nka tekinoroji y’inyamanswa n’ikoranabuhanga rya cloni muri Amerika birayobora isi. Isi nayo ifite ibyiza bimwe.
Kugeza ubu, muri Amerika hari amasosiyete 10 muri 20 akomeye ku isi mu buhinzi bw’ibinyabuzima; hari ibigo 3 muri 5 byambere muri Amerika. Ibi birerekana imiterere yiterambere ryibinyabuzima byubuhinzi muri Amerika.
Ubu Amerika yinjiye mugihe cyinzibacyuho kuva mubuhinzi gakondo tujya mubuhinzi-buke. Hamwe n’ikwirakwizwa ry’ibinyabuzima mu bijyanye n’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, Amerika yabanje kubona ko yifuza guteza imbere inyamaswa n’ibimera hakurikijwe ubushake bwa muntu, bivuze ko ejo hazaza Amerika ifite ubushobozi butagira imipaka mu kuzamura ubwoko, ubwiza, n’umusaruro y'ibikomoka ku buhinzi, no mu gukemura inzara y'abantu. Ikigaragara ni uko ubuhinzi bw’ibinyabuzima bifite akamaro kanini kuri Amerika kugira ngo ibe igihagararo cy’ibihugu byinshi ku isi.
(3) Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ryashyizeho “ubuhinzi bwuzuye” muri Amerika
Amerika nicyo gihugu cya mbere kwisi cyinjiye muri societe yamakuru. Kumenyekanisha no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa n’ikoranabuhanga rya interineti hamwe n’umuhanda munini w'amakuru byashyizeho uburyo bukenewe bwo kumenyekanisha ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Kugeza ubu, ikoranabuhanga mu makuru ryinjiye mu bice byose by’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi w’Abanyamerika, bigira uruhare runini mu kuzamura “ubuhinzi bwuzuye” muri Amerika, bigabanya cyane igiciro cy’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika, kandi bizamura cyane umusaruro w’ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika n’u guhiganwa mpuzamahanga ku bicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi. .
Ibice nyamukuru bigize sisitemu yamakuru yubuhinzi muri Amerika:
a. AGNET, sisitemu y'urusobe rwa mudasobwa mu buhinzi, ni yo sisitemu nini yo kumenya amakuru y’ubuhinzi ku isi. Sisitemu ikubiyemo leta 46 zo muri Amerika, intara 6 zo muri Kanada n’ibihugu 7 hanze y’Amerika na Kanada, ikanahuza ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika, ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri leta 15, kaminuza 36 n’inganda nyinshi z’ubuhinzi. .
b. Ububiko bwubuhinzi, harimo ububiko bwubuhinzi nububiko bwubukungu bwubuhinzi. Ububiko bwubuhinzi numushinga wingenzi wo kumenyekanisha ubuhinzi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, guverinoma y’Amerika, kaminuza, ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi, amasomero y’igihugu, hamwe n’ibigo bizwi cyane by’ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi byita cyane ku iyubakwa n’imikoreshereze y’imibare, nk’umutungo w’ibihingwa by’ibihingwa byashyizweho n’ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Sisitemu yo gucunga amakuru itanga serivisi zingero 600.000 zumutungo wibihingwa byororoka mubuhinzi muri Amerika. Kugeza ubu, hari ububiko bw’ubuhinzi 428 bwashyizwe ku rutonde n’ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Ibyamamare kandi bikoreshwa cyane ni A-GRICOLA base base yakozwe hamwe nibitabo byigihugu byubuhinzi nishami ryubuhinzi. Irimo kopi zirenga 100.000. Ubuhinzi n'ubuhinzi ibikoresho byifashishwa.
c. Urubuga rwinzobere mu makuru y’ubuhinzi, nka sisitemu yo guhuza amakuru ya soya iherutse gutezwa imbere muri Amerika, ikubiyemo ikoranabuhanga n’imikorere ya buri murongo uhuza umusaruro wa soya mpuzamahanga n’imbere mu gihugu, gutanga no kwamamaza; kumpera imwe ya sisitemu y'inzobere ninzobere zinzobere mubushakashatsi bwa soya. Ku rundi ruhande ni abahinzi bakora umwuga wa soya, ushobora gutanga ibice birenga 50 by’umusaruro, gutanga no kwamamaza ku kwezi ugereranije.
d. Sisitemu ya imeri, sisitemu yamakuru yubuhinzi yashyizweho n’ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika kandi ihanahana amakuru binyuze mu ishami rishinzwe amakuru y’ubuhinzi, ihujwe na interineti. Muri byo, gusa ibiro bishinzwe amasoko yubuhinzi, sisitemu ya mudasobwa itunganya inyuguti zigera kuri miliyoni 50 zamakuru yisoko buri munsi.
e. Ikoranabuhanga rya 3S ni tekinoroji ya kure yubuhinzi (RS), sisitemu yamakuru ya geografiya (GIS) hamwe na sisitemu yohereza isi yose (GPS). Ubu ni bwo buryo bwa mbere ku isi bwashyizweho na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika mu kugereranya umusaruro w’ibihingwa ku isi no gutanga umusaruro ushimishije mu buhinzi. .
f. Sisitemu yo Kumenyekanisha Umuyoboro wa Radio (RFID). Nubwoko budahuza bukoresha guhinduranya magnetiki cyangwa electromagnetique yumwanya uhuza hamwe na radiyo yumurongo wa signal modulation hamwe na tekinoroji ya demodulation kugirango tumenye mu buryo bwikora no gukurikirana ibintu bigenewe.
Ibyavuzwe haruguru nibice bigize sisitemu yamakuru yubuhinzi muri Amerika.
Muri Amerika hari abahinzi barenga miliyoni 2. Nigute bakoresha ubwo buryo bwamakuru kugirango bagere ku musaruro uhagije w'ubuhinzi?
Ubwa mbere, binyuze muri sisitemu yamakuru, abahinzi babanyamerika barashobora kubona amakuru yisoko mugihe gikwiye, cyuzuye, kandi gihoraho, kandi bagakoresha ibi kugirango bahindure neza umusaruro w’ubuhinzi n’ingamba zo kugurisha ibikomoka ku buhinzi kugirango babigereho kandi bigabanye neza ibyago byo gukora buhumyi. . Kurugero, nyuma yo kumenya amakuru aheruka kubicuruzwa byubuhinzi nibiciro byigihe kizaza, isoko mpuzamahanga n’imbere mu gihugu, ingano y’umusaruro mpuzamahanga n’imbere mu gihugu, ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, n'ibindi, abahinzi barashobora guhitamo icyo bazatanga, umubare w’umusaruro, n’uburyo kugurisha kugirango wirinde umusaruro wubuhinzi. Cyangwa nyuma yo kwiga ibijyanye no kunoza ubwoko bwibihingwa, ibihe byikirere nandi makuru, umuhinzi ashobora kandi kumenya ubwoko bwimbuto zo kugura, uburyo bwo gutera bwokoresha, nigihe cyo gutera ubwoko bwibihingwa bizatanga umusaruro mwinshi muri gutegeka kubona inyungu nini ；
Muri icyo gihe, arashobora kandi gukora inama zubuhanga mu buhinzi cyangwa kugura ibikoresho by’ubuhinzi bikwiye hamwe n’imiti yica udukoko kuri interineti hashingiwe ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry’ubuhinzi, imashini nshya z’ubuhinzi, kurwanya udukoko twangiza n’andi makuru. Kurugero, Ken Polmugreen, umuhinzi ukomoka muri Kansas muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, yamenyereye guhanga amaso amakuru yerekeye ikirere cy’isi, imiterere y’ibinyampeke, n’ibiciro byo kugura ingano kuri interineti. Amaze kumenya ko guverinoma ya Misiri yashakaga kugura ingano nini "zikomeye zera", yamenye ko ubu bwoko bw'ingano buzaba ikintu gishyushye ku isoko muri uyu mwaka, bityo ahindura ubwoko bw'ingano bwatewe muri iki gihembwe arangije akora byinshi. inyungu.
Iya kabiri ni ugukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya 3S, aribyo ikoranabuhanga rya kure ryubuhinzi (RS), sisitemu yamakuru ya geografiya (GIS) hamwe na sisitemu yohereza ibyogajuru ku isi (GPS) kugirango bigerweho neza.
Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya kure (RS) bivuga urumuri rugaragara, infragre, microwave hamwe nibindi byuma bifata ibyuma bifata ibyuma byo mu kirere kugirango bikoreshe ibintu bitandukanye byerekana imirasire yubutaka nubutaka kumuraba wa electromagnetique kugirango ubone ibihingwa nubutaka muburyo butandukanye ahantu. Amakuru afatika akoreshwa mugukurikirana no gusuzuma byimazeyo imirire ya azote, imikurire, umusaruro, ibyonnyi nindwara z ibihingwa, hamwe nubunyu bwubutaka, ubutayu, ikirere n’isuri, no kwiyongera no kugabanuka kwamazi nintungamubiri.
Sisitemu yamakuru ya geografiya (GIS), nyuma yo kwakira no gutunganya amakuru ya kure yerekana amakuru, amakuru ya GPS, hamwe nintoki zegeranijwe kandi zatanzwe, sisitemu irashobora guhita itanga ikarita ya digitale yumurima, irangwa namakuru y ibihingwa namakuru yubutaka bwa buri muturage.
Sisitemu yimyanya yisi yose (GPS) ikoreshwa cyane cyane kumwanya uhagaze no kugendagenda.
Hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya 3S, abahinzi barashobora guhindura neza ingamba zitandukanye zo gufata neza ubutaka n’ibihingwa ukurikije impinduka ziterwa n’imirima. Kurugero, mugihe ifumbire mvaruganda, mugihe traktor nini (ifite ibyuma byakira GPS hamwe niyerekana hamwe nogutunganya amakuru)) Iyo utera ifumbire mumurima, ecran yerekana irashobora kwerekana amashusho abiri yuzuye icyarimwe, imwe ni digitale ikarita (irangwa nubwoko bwubutaka bwa buri kibanza, azote, fosifore nibirimo potasiyumu, umusaruro kuri buri gihingwa mugihe cyashize, hamwe nigipimo cyumusaruro wumwaka urangiye. Etc.), ikindi ni ikarita ihuza umurongo; (ishobora kwerekana aho ikibanza gihe traktori iherereye igihe icyo aricyo cyose gishingiye ku bimenyetso bya GPS). Mugihe kimwe, utunganya amakuru arashobora guhita abara buri kibanza ashingiye ku ikarita ya digitale ya buri kibanza cyateguwe mbere. Ikigereranyo cyo gukwirakwiza ifumbire no gutera ingano yikibanza, hanyuma utange amabwiriza kumashini itera gutera.
Uburyo bumwe nabwo bukwiriye gutera udukoko twica udukoko; hiyongereyeho, sisitemu irashobora guhita igena igihe cyo kuvomera no gufumbira ukurikije ubuhehere bwubutaka no gukura kwibihingwa. Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinzi risobanutse neza rishobora kuzigama 10% y’ifumbire, 23% y’imiti yica udukoko, na kg 25 z’imbuto kuri hegitari; icyarimwe, irashobora kongera umusaruro w'ingano n'ibigori hejuru ya 15%.
Icya gatatu ni ukugera ku micungire nyayo y’ubworozi binyuze muri sisitemu yo kumenya radiyo (RFID).
Sisitemu yo kumenyekanisha radiyo RFID igizwe ahanini na tagi ya elegitoroniki nabasomyi. Buri tagi ya elegitoronike ifite kode yihariye ya elegitoronike, kandi uyisoma afite ubwoko bubiri: buhamye kandi bufashwe n'intoki.
Mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi muri Amerika, sisitemu ya RFID ikoreshwa mu kumenya no gukurikirana inyamaswa zo mu rugo, cyane cyane inka. Ihame nugushira amatangazo ya elegitoronike mumatwi yinka, akarangwamo amakuru arambuye ya elegitoroniki yinka, nka electronics yinka. Kode, aho akomoka, imyaka, amakuru yubwoko, amakuru ya karantine nubudahangarwa, amakuru yindwara, ibisekuru namakuru yimyororokere, nibindi. Iyo inka yinjiye murwego rwo kumenyekanisha abasomyi, tagi ya elegitoronike kumatwi yinka izakira ibimenyetso bya radiyo uhereye kubasomyi Induction current yakozwe kugirango ibone ingufu, hanyuma amakuru ya elegitoronike nka code ya elegitoronike yatwawe ubwayo yoherezwa kubasomyi kugirango basome hanyuma boherezwe muri sisitemu yo gucunga amakuru yinyamaswa, kugirango abantu bamenye umwirondoro wa inka, nibindi, bityo ukamenya uburenganzira kuriyi nka. Kumenya no gukurikirana neza inka byashimangiye abahinzi ubushobozi bwo gucunga neza ubusho.
Ihame ni kimwe mu kumenya no gukurikirana amatungo atari inka.
Byongeye kandi, inzira zose ziva mubuhinzi kuva umusaruro, ubwikorezi, kubika kugeza gutunganya no kugurisha zirashobora gukoresha sisitemu yo kumenyekanisha radiyo yumurongo wa RFID, ifasha abantu gukurikirana no kumenya ibicuruzwa byubuhinzi kuva kumeza kugeza kumurima, bikazamura cyane umutekano wibiribwa bya Amerika. Ubushobozi bwa garanti hamwe nubushobozi bwumusaruro wubuhinzi muri Amerika.
3. Amerika ifite urwego rwo hejuru rwinganda zubuhinzi
Ibyo twakunze kuvuga mubihe byashize ahanini bivuga guhinga gakondo no korora. Nyamara, ubuhinzi muburyo bugezweho ntabwo bukubiyemo gutera no korora gusa, ahubwo burimo n'imashini zubuhinzi, imbuto, ifumbire mvaruganda, imiti yica udukoko, ibiryo, inganda zikora ubuhinzi nka peteroli, ikoranabuhanga, na serivisi zamakuru, ndetse ninganda zo hasi nko gutwara abantu, kubika, gutunganya, gupakira, kugurisha, hamwe nimyenda, bifite inganda zibanze, inganda za kabiri ninganda za kaminuza. Muyandi magambo, hafi yumusaruro wubuhinzi, ubuhinzi bugezweho bwashizeho urwego rwinganda rwubuhinzi ruva hejuru rugana epfo, arirwo ruganda runini cyane. Ikigaragara ni uko niba imwe muri iyo minyururu idacitse, bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere myiza y’inganda zose z’ubuhinzi, bigatuma igabanuka ryinshi ry’umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi muri rusange.
Niyo mpamvu, iterambere ry’ubuhinzi bugezweho rigomba gukora inganda n’inganda zose z’uruhererekane, zita ku iterambere ryuzuye kandi rihuriweho na buri murongo, kandi rigakora neza icyerekezo kimwe cy’ubuhinzi, inganda n’ubucuruzi, n’umusaruro , gutanga no kwamamaza; no gukora inganda zigezweho Inzira yo gucunga umusaruro wubuhinzi nugushaka isoko no kunoza itangwa ryumutungo utandukanye no kwinjiza ibintu bitandukanye kugirango habeho ubufatanye bwiza, umusaruro mwinshi ninyungu nyinshi mubukungu. Ubu ni ubuhinzi bwahujwe, Uburengerazuba bwita inganda mu buhinzi.
Amerika niho havuka inganda z’ubuhinzi ku isi, kandi zashyizeho uburyo bukuze kandi bwateye imbere mu buhinzi.
(1) Uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutunganya inganda zubuhinzi muri Amerika:
A. Guhuriza hamwe bivuze ko uruganda rumwe rwuzuza inzira zose zo gukora, gutunganya no kugurisha ibikomoka ku buhinzi. Kurugero, Del Monte, iyobowe na California Consortium, nisosiyete nini yo gufata imboga nini ku isi. Ikora hegitari 800.000 z'ubutaka mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo, ifite imirima 38, inganda 54 zitunganya, inganda 13 za kanseri, hamwe na sitasiyo 6 zohereza amakamyo. Sitasiyo 1 yo gupakira no gupakurura marine, ikigo 1 cyo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa byo mu kirere hamwe n’ibigo 10 bikwirakwiza, hamwe na resitora 24, nibindi.
B. Kwishyira hamwe gutambitse, ni ukuvuga imishinga itandukanye cyangwa imirima ikora umusaruro, gutunganya, no kugurisha ibikomoka ku buhinzi hakurikijwe amasezerano. Kurugero, Isosiyete ya Penfield ya Pennsylvania, muburyo bwamasezerano, yahurije hamwe imirima yinkoko 98 kugirango izobereye mu korora broilers no gutera inkoko. Isosiyete itanga aborozi, ibiryo, lisansi, imiti n’ibindi bikoresho mu bworozi bw’inkoko, kandi ishinzwe kugura inkoko. Broilers zirangiye hamwe namagi avuye muririma noneho biratunganywa bikagurishwa.
C. Icyiciro cya gatatu nuko imirima nibigo bitandukanye bitanga, gutunganya, no kugurisha ukurikije ibimenyetso byisoko. Kimwe n’ubucuruzi bw’igihugu cyanjye “isoko ry’umwuga + ingo z’abahinzi”, ubu ni urugero rw’ubucuruzi rwiganje muri Amerika, rufasha amarushanwa yuzuye mu masoko atandukanye nk’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, gutunganya, no kugurisha, bityo bikemura ibibazo bitandukanye by’ubucuruzi.
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Umwihariko w'akarere n'imiterere nini ni ikintu kigaragara cy'umusaruro w'ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Kurugero, akarere ko hagati n’amajyaruguru yuburasirazuba butanga cyane cyane ibigori, soya ningano, igice cyamajyepfo yinyanja ya pasifika gikungahaye cyane ku mbuto n'imboga, naho igice cyamajyepfo yakarere ka Atlantike kizwi cyane kubice bitanga itabi. Tegereza; hari na leta 5 muri Amerika zihinga igihingwa kimwe gusa, naho leta 4 zihinga ubwoko 2 bwibihingwa gusa. Texas ifite 14% by'inka z'inka zo muri iki gihugu, kandi abaturage ba Iowa muri rusange ni bo gihugu cyose. Arkansas n'akarere kanini gatanga umuceri muri Amerika (43% by'umusaruro w'igihugu), naho ihuriro ry’inganda zikora divayi muri Californiya rifite abakora divayi 680 n’ubucuruzi n’ibihumbi by’abazabibu, nibindi.; kuri ubu, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika Umubare w’imirima y’ipamba ni 79,6%, imirima y’imboga 87.3%, imirima y’ibihingwa 81.1%, imirima y’ibihingwa by’imboga 98.5%, ubworozi bw’ibiti by’imbuto 96.3%, ubworozi bw’inka 87.9%, ubworozi bw’amata 84.2%, na ubworozi bw'inkoko 96.3%; Imyenda icyenda y’inganda zikoreshwa mu buhinzi muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ni n’ahantu hasanzwe h’ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi, buri kimwekimwe kikaba cyaragize buhoro buhoro amatsinda manini y’ubuhinzi.
Gukoresha imashini zikomoka ku buhinzi bivuze ko Amerika imaze kugera ku mashini hafi ya zose z’ubuhinzi.
Kwiyongera kw’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, kubera ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye mu bijyanye n’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi muri Amerika, byazamuye cyane urwego rwo kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Kuzamuka kwa "ubuhinzi bwuzuye" nibimenyetso byiza.
Inganda zibyara umusaruro wubuhinzi bivuga umusaruro wibikomoka ku buhinzi byerekana ubuziranenge kandi bufite ireme binyuze mu buryo bwihariye bwo gukora no guteranya umurongo hakurikijwe amahame y’umusaruro w’uruganda. Imiterere yimirimo yumurimo yegereye iy'inganda. Kurugero, imboga nimbuto zimbuto zisarurwa biturutse kumurima. Ijyanwa mu ruganda, nyuma yo kwiyandikisha no gupima, yinjira mumurongo wo gutunganya isuku, gutanga amanota, gupakira, gukonjesha, nibindi.; hari kandi ubworozi bwabanyamerika, kuva kubyara, korora, amagi namata, nibindi, namasosiyete kabuhariwe akurikije ibipimo Inzira, ibisobanuro nubwiza bwumusaruro, nibindi.
Hamwe no gusabana serivisi zubuhinzi, imirima yabanyamerika ahanini ni imirima yimiryango. Ndetse umurima munini ufite ubuso bwa hegitari 530-1333 ufite abantu 3 cyangwa 5 gusa. Imirimo minini nkiyi iterwa numurima wonyine. , Biragaragara ko nta bushobozi. Nyamara, gahunda ya serivise ihuriweho n’umusaruro w’ubuhinzi muri Amerika wateye imbere cyane. Hariho umubare munini wibigo byita ku buhinzi byihariye muri sosiyete. Gutanga ibikoresho byumusaruro mbere yumusaruro, ubutaka bwo guhinga, kubiba, gufumbira, no gusarura mugihe cyumusaruro, ndetse na nyuma yumusaruro. Ubwikorezi, kubika, kugurisha, nibindi, mugihe uhamagaye terefone, umuntu azaza kumuryango wawe mugihe.
Umwihariko, igipimo, imashini, kongera ingufu, no gusabana serivisi nuburyo bwo gukora inganda zigezweho. Nyuma yo gukoreshwa mubuhinzi, batangije neza impinduramatwara yibihe muburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro ubuhinzi bwabanyamerika no kuzamura ubuhinzi bwabanyamerika. Urwego rwo mu nganda no gukora neza.
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Abacuruzi bane bakomeye ku isi (bagenzura 80% by’ubucuruzi bw’ibinyampeke ku isi kandi bafite imbaraga zigaragaza ibiciro), hari batatu muri Amerika, ari bo ADM, Bunge na Cargill, ari bo batatu ba mbere batunganya ingano ku isi A super -kugura ibigo mpuzamahanga mu masosiyete icumi ya mbere ku isi acuruza ibiribwa na peteroli; mu masosiyete icumi ya mbere atunganya ibiribwa ku isi, atandatu ari muri Amerika, naho Kraft na Tyson biri mu byiza; na batanu mu icumi bacuruza ibiryo icumi ku isi bari muri Amerika, Wal-Mart yamye ari umuyobozi; muri bo:
ADM ifite inganda 270 zitunganya hirya no hino ku isi zishora mu gutunganya no gukora ibikomoka ku buhinzi nk’ingano n’amavuta yo kurya. Kugeza ubu ni yo nini ya soya nini muri Amerika, itunganya ibigori binini bitose, ikabyara ifu ya kabiri, hamwe n’ububiko bwa kabiri bunini bwo kubika no gutwara. Nibikorwa binini binini ku isi hamwe n’amavuta y’amavuta, bitunganya Ethanol nini ku isi, ndetse n’igihugu cya gatanu mu bihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Mu mwaka wa 2010, amafaranga ADM yinjije yinjije miliyari 69.2, iza ku mwanya wa 88 mu masosiyete 500 akomeye ku isi.
Bunge ifite inganda zirenga 450 zitunganya ibinyampeke n’amavuta mu bihugu 32 ku isi, yinjiza amafaranga angana na miliyari 41.9 mu mwaka wa 2010, iza ku mwanya wa 172 mu masosiyete 500 akomeye ku isi. Kugeza ubu, Bunge ni yo itunganya ibigori binini byumye muri Amerika, icya kabiri mu bihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze ya soya (ifunguro rya soya n'amavuta ya soya) hamwe na gatatu mu gutunganya soya, icya kane kibika ingano muri Amerika, kikaba ari icya kane mu bihugu byohereza mu mahanga ingano. kwisi, nimbuto nini nini. Gutunganya ibihingwa.
Muri iki gihe Cargill ikora inganda 1104 mu bihugu 59 kandi ni yo ikora ibiryo binini cyane mu bigori muri Amerika. Ifite insyo 188 zo kugaburira kandi izwi nka "kugaburira umwami" ku isi. Muri icyo gihe, Cargill kandi ni isosiyete ya gatatu mu gutunganya ifu muri Amerika; Amerika Ubwicanyi bwa gatatu bunini, gupakira inyama no gutunganya; isosiyete nini yo gucuruza ingano nini ku isi, hamwe n’ibigega byinshi muri Amerika.
Kraft Foods nuwa kabiri ku isi mu gutunganya ibiribwa bitunganijwe nyuma ya Nestlé ibiryo byo mu Busuwisi. Ifite ibikorwa mu bihugu birenga 70 kandi ibicuruzwa byayo bikwirakwizwa mu bihugu birenga 150 ku isi. Mu mwaka wa 2010, amafaranga yinjiza yakoraga yari miliyari 40.4 Yuan, akaza ku mwanya wa 500 ba mbere ku isi. Ku mwanya wa 179 mu masosiyete akomeye. Ibicuruzwa nyamukuru ni ikawa, bombo, imbwa zishyushye, ibisuguti na foromaje, nibindi bicuruzwa byamata.
Tyson Foods Co., Ltd., yinjije miliyari 27.2 z'amayero mu mwaka wa 2010, iri ku mwanya wa 297 mu masosiyete 500 akomeye ku isi. Nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi gikora ibiryo by’inkoko. Kugeza ubu ifite icyenda muri resitora 100 yambere ku isi. Byongeye kandi, inyama z’inka za Tyson, ingurube, n’ibikomoka ku nyanja nazo zigira uruhare runini ku isoko ry’isi, kandi zigurishwa mu bihugu birenga 54.
Wal-Mart ni urwego runini rwo kugurisha ku isi, rufite amaduka arenga 6,600 ku isi. Gucuruza ibiribwa nimwe mubucuruzi bwingenzi. Mu mwaka wa 2010, Wal-Mart yashyizwe ku mwanya wa mbere muri 500 ya mbere ku isi yinjiza amafaranga angana na miliyari 408.2.
Izi sosiyete nini zitunganya ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’isoko ryamamaza zishingiye ku nyungu zamakuru, ubushakashatsi mu ikoranabuhanga n’iterambere, ishoramari n’isoko kugira ngo hakorwe uruhererekane rwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi kugira ngo byongere agaciro k’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi, kandi bigenzure neza amasoko y’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga. kwagura igipimo cy'umusaruro no guhuza ibikoresho bitandukanye kugirango biteze imbere ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Guhuriza hamwe gutanga no kwamamaza, ubuhinzi, inganda n’ubucuruzi byagize uruhare runini mu kuzamura irushanwa ryuzuye ndetse n’umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi bw’Abanyamerika, kandi byateje imbere mu buryo butaziguye iterambere ry’imirima y’imiryango y'Abanyamerika no guteza imbere ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika.
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Muri bo, John Deere na Case New Holland ni ibihangange mu nganda zikora imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi ku isi, mu gihe Monsanto, DuPont, na Maison bafite umwanya wa mbere mu mbuto ku isi, ifumbire n’udukoko twangiza udukoko:
John Deere numusaruro munini ku isi ukora imashini zubuhinzi. Irazwi kwisi yose kugirango itange ibice byuzuye bya traktori zifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi zihuza abasaruzi, hamwe nibindi bicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu buhinzi byuzuye kandi bikurikirana. Mu mwaka wa 2010, yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 500 ba mbere ku isi yinjiza amafaranga angana na miliyari 23.1. Isosiyete iri ku mwanya wa 372 kandi kuri ubu ifite inganda mu bihugu 17, kandi ibicuruzwa byayo bigurishwa mu bihugu n’uturere birenga 160 ku isi.
Urubanza rwa New New Holland (icyicaro gikuru, aho kwiyandikisha, hamwe n’ibanze bikorerwa muri Amerika), ibicuruzwa nyamukuru ni “Case” na “New Holland” ibirango bibiri by’imashini zikoresha ubuhinzi, guhuza abasaruzi na baleri, abatoragura ipamba, abasaruzi b'isukari na urundi rukurikirane rwimashini zubuhinzi. Ifite ibirindiro 39, ibigo 26 bya R&D n’imishinga 22 ihuriweho n’ibihugu 15. Ibicuruzwa byayo bigurishwa mu bihugu n’uturere birenga 160 binyuze mu bagurisha 11.500 ku isi. Igurishwa rya buri mwaka rirenga miliyari 16 z'amadolari y'Amerika.
Monsanto ni isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’ubuhinzi n’ibinyabuzima byinshi, ikoresha cyane cyane ikoranabuhanga mu guteza imbere amasoko y’ibihingwa n’ibikomoka ku bimera. Imbuto 4 yibanze yibihingwa (ibigori, soya, ipamba ningano) hamwe nuruhererekane rwa "Nongda" (glyphosate) Herbicides yazanye Monsanto inyungu nyinshi. Mu 2006, imbuto ya Monsanto yinjije hafi miliyari 4.5 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bingana na 20% by'igurishwa ku isi. Kugeza ubu, Monsanto n’isosiyete nini y’imbuto ku isi, igenzura 23% kugeza kuri 41% by’imbuto n’imbuto ku isi. By'umwihariko ku isoko ry’imbuto zahinduwe, Monsanto yabaye igihangange cyonyine gifite imyaka irenga 90% y’ibihingwa ku isi. Imbuto zahinduwe muri rusange zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryemewe.
DuPont n’isosiyete nini y’imiti minini y’imiti itandukanye, yashyizwe ku mwanya wa 296 muri 500 za mbere ku isi mu mwaka wa 2010, kandi ubucuruzi bwayo bukubiyemo inganda zirenga 20 nk’inganda z’ubuhinzi n’ubuhinzi. Muri byo, imbuto z'ibihingwa bya DuPont zirimo ibigori, soya, amasaka, izuba, ipamba, umuceri n'ingano. Mu 2006, imbuto ya DuPont yinjije hafi miliyari 2.8 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bituma iba sosiyete ya kabiri mu mbuto ku isi. Byongeye kandi, ibyatsi bya DuPont, kuboneza urubyaro hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bitatu byo mu rwego rwo hejuru byica udukoko twica udukoko nabyo bizwi cyane ku isi. Muri byo, udukoko twica udukoko twa DuPont harimo ibicuruzwa birenga umunani nka Kangkuan, ubwoko burenga icumi bwa fungicide nka Xinwansheng, n’ubwoko burenga burindwi bwica ibyatsi nka Daojiang. Mu 2007, DuPont yagurishije imiti yica udukoko igera kuri miliyari zisaga 2.7 z'amadolari y'Amerika, iza ku mwanya wa gatanu ku isi.
Ibicuruzwa by'ifumbire y'isosiyete bigurishwa mu bihugu 33 byo ku mugabane wa gatanu. Kugeza ubu ni cyo gihugu kinini ku isi gitanga ifumbire ya fosifate n’umugurisha gifite umusaruro wa buri mwaka kingana na toni miliyoni 12.08, bingana na 17% by’ifumbire mvaruganda ku isi na 58% by’ifumbire mvaruganda yo muri Amerika; Muri icyo gihe, Legg Mason kandi ni iya gatatu ku isi itanga ifumbire mvaruganda ya potas kandi ikaba imwe mu zitanga ifumbire ya azote ku isi, ifite umusaruro wa buri mwaka ingana na toni miliyoni 9.277 z’ifumbire yuzuye ya potas hamwe na toni miliyoni 1.19 zo kugurisha ifumbire ya azote.
(5) Byongeye kandi, amakoperative y’ubuhinzi y’Abanyamerika nayo yagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere inganda z’ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika:
Amakoperative y’ubuhinzi yo muri Amerika ni amashyirahamwe arekuye yateguwe ku bushake n’abahinzi ku giti cyabo batitaye ku musaruro wabo bwite no ku isoko ryabo mu bihe by’ubukungu bw’isoko, kandi intego yabo ni ugufashanya no kugirira akamaro abanyamuryango. Mu cyaro cyo muri Amerika, amakoperative y’ubuhinzi arazwi cyane, kandi hari ubwoko butatu bwingenzi: amakoperative yo gutanga no kwamamaza, amakoperative ya serivisi, n’amakoperative yinguzanyo. Mu 2002, muri Amerika hari amakoperative y’ubuhinzi arenga 3.000 afite abanyamuryango miliyoni 2.79, harimo amakoperative 2.760 yo gutanga no kwamamaza ndetse n’amakoperative 380.
Nk’umuryango udaharanira inyungu uhuza imirima yimiryango nisoko, amakoperative yubuhinzi akoranya abahinzi batatanye kugirango bahuze nisoko, kandi muri rusange, bahuje imishyikirano y’amahanga, amasoko ahuriweho, kugurisha ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi, hamwe na serivisi zihuriweho. Twese hamwe dusubize ingaruka ku isoko. Ibi ntibibungabunga gusa uburenganzira bwimirima yumuryango kubyara byigenga, ahubwo bifasha abahinzi gukemura ibibazo byinshi nko gutera inkunga inguzanyo, gutanga umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi, ibirarane by’ubuhinzi, kugabanya ibiciro by’imbere, no kuzamura ikoranabuhanga mu buhinzi, n'ibindi, bityo bikagabanya ibiciro by’umusaruro. yazamuye imikorere kandi iteza imbere umusaruro w'ubuhinzi.
Muri gahunda y’inganda z’ubuhinzi muri Amerika, usibye umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, amakoperative y’ubuhinzi yagize uruhare runini mu nzego nkuru z’inganda z’ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Ku ruhande rumwe, amakoperative y’ubuhinzi arashobora guha abahinzi ibikoresho nkenerwa byo gukora ubuhinzi. , Nkimashini zubuhinzi nibice byabigenewe, imbuto, imiti yica udukoko, ibiryo, ifumbire, amavuta ya lisansi nibindi bikoresho; cyangwa irashobora kwishora mu gutunganya no kugurisha ibikomoka ku buhinzi, nko gutunganya no kugurisha ipamba, ibikomoka ku mata, imbuto n'imboga, ibinyampeke n’ibihingwa bya peteroli, amatungo n’inkoko, imbuto zumye, umuceri, isukari n’ibindi bicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi; no gutanga serivisi zijyanye no gukora, kwamamaza no gutanga amasoko, nko gutanga ipamba, gutwara imodoka, kubiba intoki, kubika, gukama, na serivisi zamakuru n’ikoranabuhanga; ku rundi ruhande, nk'umuryango uhuza, amakoperative y’ubuhinzi yashyizeho umubano w’ubufatanye uhamye hagati y’abahinzi n’inganda zitandukanye n’inganda n’ubucuruzi binyuze mu gutanga, kwamamaza, gutunganya, na serivisi, kandi bishyiraho urufatiro rw’imikorere ihuriweho n’inganda zitandukanye muri Leta zunze ubumwe. Ibihugu. Ikigaragara ni uko ubuhinzi Uruhare rwagati rwamakoperative rwateje imbere cyane inzira yinganda zubuhinzi muri Amerika.
4. Amerika ishyigikiye ubuhinzi cyane
Mu myaka irenga 200 gusa, Amerika yarenze ibihugu byinshi bizwiho ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi kugira ngo bibe ingufu z’ubuhinzi nini ku isi. Imwe mu mpamvu zingenzi ni uko leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zagiye zisimburana zifata ubuhinzi nkinkomoko yubukungu bwigihugu kandi bagashyigikirwa cyane. Politiki yo guherekeza ubuhinzi mu bijyanye n’amategeko agenga ubuhinzi, kubaka ibikorwa remezo by’ubuhinzi, inkunga y’amafaranga, inkunga z’amafaranga, korohereza imisoro, n’ibindi, byateje imbere cyane iterambere ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika:
(1) Amategeko agenga ubuhinzi
Ikigamijwe ni ukurinda ubuhinzi n'amategeko no kuyobora ubuhinzi n amategeko. Kugeza ubu, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zashyizeho gahunda y’ubuhinzi yuzuye yuzuye ishingiye kandi ishingiye ku mategeko y’ubuhinzi kandi ishyigikiwe n’amategeko arenga 100 yihariye.
A. Amategeko agenga ubuhinzi, ni ukuvuga, “Itegeko rigenga ubuhinzi” ryemejwe na Kongere y’Amerika mu Kuboza 1933, intego yaryo nyamukuru ni ugukemura ikibazo cy’umusaruro ukabije, kuzamura ibiciro by’ibikomoka ku buhinzi, no kongera umusaruro w’abahinzi. Kuva icyo gihe, iryo tegeko ryahinduwe 17 rikomeye mu bihe bitandukanye by’amateka, rishyiraho urufatiro rwo kugenzura ibikorwa rusange by’ubukungu by’ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika.
B. Amategeko ajyanye no guteza imbere no gukoresha ubutaka bwubuhinzi. Muri byo, amategeko arenga 8 nk'amategeko agenga urugo hamwe n'amategeko ya Land-Grant College afite uruhare runini. Aya mategeko yageze ku kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo abikorera ku giti cyabo, bakomeza gukoresha neza ubutaka neza, kandi byemewe n'amategeko Yagize uruhare runini mu micungire no guhuza ubutaka bwite.
C. Amategeko ajyanye no kwinjiza ubuhinzi ninguzanyo zubuhinzi. Usibye amategeko agenga ubuhinzi, hari amategeko arenga 10 nka “Itegeko ry’inguzanyo mu buhinzi” ritanga mu buryo bwihariye amabwiriza arambuye yerekeye kwinjiza ubuhinzi n’inguzanyo z’ubuhinzi muri Amerika, hagamijwe gushyiraho no kugenzura inganda nini z’ubuhinzi mu gihugu. Sisitemu y'inguzanyo yatanze umusanzu udasanzwe.
D. Amategeko ajyanye no gushimangira ibiciro byubuhinzi no kurengera. Usibye amategeko agenga ubuhinzi, amategeko arenga atanu harimo n’amasezerano yo kugurisha ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi yagize uruhare runini mu kuzenguruka ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi muri Amerika no gutera inkunga ibiciro by’ubuhinzi.
E. Amategeko ajyanye n’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw’ibicuruzwa by’ubuhinzi, nka “Itegeko rigenga iterambere ry’ubuhinzi n’ivugurura ry’umwaka wa 1996 ″, ryakuyeho inzitizi z’abahinzi b’abanyamerika binjira ku isoko ry’isi ku bwigenge, kandi ryagura cyane ibyoherezwa mu mahanga by’ubuhinzi muri Amerika.
F. Amategeko ajyanye no kurengera umutungo kamere n’ibidukikije, harimo itegeko rirengera umutungo kamere no kurengera umutungo n’amategeko arenga ane arengera umutungo kamere muri Amerika mu kurinda ubutaka, kubuza ikoreshwa ry’amazi, gukumira umwanda w’amazi, no kugenzura gukoresha ibintu bya shimi nka pesticide. Yagize uruhare runini mu kubungabunga uburinganire bw’ibidukikije.
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(2) Kubaka ibikorwa remezo byubuhinzi
Mu myaka ijana ishize, mu rwego rwo guteza imbere iterambere ry’ubuhinzi no kwemeza ko ubuhinzi aribwo shingiro ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu, Amerika yakomeje gushimangira ibikorwa remezo by’ubuhinzi hamwe no kubungabunga amazi y’imirima, ubwikorezi bwo mu cyaro, amashanyarazi, itumanaho na interineti nka interineti ibikubiyemo. Ibikorwa remezo by’ubuhinzi bwa Heahe byuzuye, kandi byatanze umusanzu udasanzwe mu kwemeza ubuhinzi bw’Abanyamerika bugezweho. Uburyo bwihariye:
Iya mbere ni Daxing umurima wubutaka bwo kubungabunga amazi. Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zagiye zubaka umubare munini w’ibigega byo kuhira no gukumira umwuzure, ingomero, kuhira no kuhira, kandi hashyirwaho imiyoboro myinshi yo kuvomerera ibitonyanga mu gihugu hose. Kurugero, kugirango gikemure ikibazo cyamapfa mukarere k'iburengerazuba, Amerika yagiye ikurikirana akarere k'iburengerazuba. Hubatswe ibigega 350 binini n'ibiciriritse kugira ngo bitange amazi ahagije ku mirima 12 minini ikwirakwizwa kuri hegitari miliyoni 54. Muri byo, Californiya n’igihugu kinini cy’ubuhinzi muri Amerika, kandi leta yubatse imwe mu ntego nini ku isi. Umushinga wo kubaka amazi meza, umushinga ufite ibigega 29 byose hamwe, sitasiyo 18 zipompa, amashanyarazi 4 avoma, amashanyarazi 5 n’amashanyarazi arenga kilometero zirenga 1.000 n’imiyoboro. Kugeza ubu, ubuso bwuhira muri Amerika bumaze kugera kuri hegitari miliyoni 25, bingana na 13% by'ubutaka bwo guhingwa, muri bwo ubuso bwo kuhira imyaka ni hegitari miliyoni 8, buza ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi.
Icya gatatu ni uguteza imbere cyane gukwirakwiza ingufu z'icyaro. Iyubakwa rinini ry’ingufu z’icyaro muri Amerika ryatangijwe n’itangazwa ry’itegeko rigenga amashanyarazi mu cyaro ndetse n’itegeko ry’amakoperative y’amashanyarazi mu 1936, ryatumaga amakoperative y’amashanyarazi yo mu cyaro abona umubare munini w’inguzanyo zishingiye ku nyungu ndende zo kubaka ingufu ibihingwa (Harimo ingufu z'amashanyarazi, ingufu z'amashanyarazi, n'ibindi), sitasiyo yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi n'imirongo ikwirakwizwa, n'ibindi. Amakoperative y’amashanyarazi yo mu cyaro ashobora kandi kugira uburenganzira bwa mbere bwo kugura amashanyarazi mu mashanyarazi yose ya guverinoma ihuriweho n’ibiciro by’amashanyarazi kugira ngo ibyo abahinzi bose mukarere kabo barashobora kubona amashanyarazi ahagije. Kugeza ubu, Amerika niyo itanga ingufu nyinshi ku isi. Amashanyarazi yumwaka angana na 30% yumuriro w'amashanyarazi kwisi yose, ugera kuri tiriyari 4 kilowatt-amasaha. Byongeye kandi, Amerika ifite kandi kilometero 320.000 z'umurongo wa ultra-nini nini nini yohereza amashanyarazi, harimo na sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi zo mu karere. Urusobe rurimo amakoperative 60 yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi hamwe n’amakoperative 875 yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi yo mu cyaro muri Amerika.
Icya kane, hubatswe umubare munini w'itumanaho ryo mucyaro (terefone igendanwa, terefone igendanwa, televiziyo ya kabili, na interineti, n'ibindi). Nk’igihugu cyateye imbere cyane mu nganda z’itumanaho, Amerika ni yo ya mbere ku isi mu kwamamaza amaterefone na terefone zigendanwa mu cyaro no mu tundi turere tw’igihugu. , Umuyoboro wa televiziyo na interineti. Kugeza ubu, icyibandwaho mu iyubakwa ry’itumanaho ryo mu cyaro muri Amerika ni ukuzamura uburyo bw’itumanaho mu cyaro ndetse n’imishinga yo kugera kuri interineti. Dukurikije gahunda ya “Amerika yo kugarura no kongera gushora imari muri Amerika” mu 2009, Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi muri Amerika n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe itumanaho n’itangazamakuru yakiriye miliyari 7.2 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu gutera inkunga imiyoboro ya interineti. Mu mwaka wa 2010 honyine, Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi muri Amerika yatanze ubufasha bw’amafaranga muri leta 38 zo muri Amerika. Agace k'imiryango katanze miliyari 1,2 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu nkunga n'inguzanyo zo kubaka imishinga 126 yo kwishyiriraho umurongo mugari, harimo: umurongo w’abafatabuguzi wihuta wa interineti (DSL), umurongo uteganijwe utagira umurongo hamwe n’indi mishinga yagutse mu bihugu birindwi birimo Jeworujiya, Texas, na Missouri; Kentucky Optical fibre neteur imishinga mubice bimwe na bimwe bya leta yuburengerazuba na Tennessee; Imishinga 10 yagutse ya enterineti (WiMax) imishinga muri leta 7 zirimo Alabama, Ohio na Illinois, nibindi. Kurangiza iyi mishinga mugari bizamura iterambere ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika ku rwego rushya kandi bitange uburyo bwiza bwo kurushaho kunoza umusaruro w’ubuhinzi muri Amerika.
Ku bijyanye n’inkunga y’ubwishingizi, ubwishingizi bw’ubuhinzi muri Amerika bushinzwe ahanini n’ikigo cy’ubwishingizi bw’ibihingwa. Mu 2007 honyine, inganda z’ubwishingizi bw’ubuhinzi muri Amerika zifite hegitari miliyoni 272 z’ahantu ho guhingwa, hamwe n’umwenda ungana na miliyari 67.35 z’amadolari y’Amerika, igihembo cya miliyari 6.56 z’amadolari y’Amerika, n’indishyi zingana na miliyari 3.54. Inkunga ya leta mu bwishingizi bw'ubuhinzi ni miliyari 3.82 z'amadolari y'Amerika.
Kuva kera, guverinoma y’Amerika yakomeje ishoramari rinini mu nguzanyo z’ubuhinzi n’ubwishingizi bw’ubuhinzi, byashishikarije cyane iterambere ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika. Byongeye kandi, muri iki gihe ikibazo cy’amafaranga cyifashe, gahunda y’inguzanyo y’ubuhinzi n’ubwishingizi bw’ubuhinzi muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika nta nkurikizi zagize, kandi inkunga zayo zihagije zatanze inkunga ikomeye kugira ngo Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zibe ingufu za mbere mu buhinzi.
(4) Inkunga y'amafaranga
Politiki y’inkunga y’imari y’ubuhinzi muri Amerika yatangiriye mu “Itegeko rigenga ubuhinzi” mu 1933. Nyuma y’imyaka irenga 70 y’iterambere, hashyizweho gahunda y’ingoboka y’ubuhinzi yuzuye kandi yuzuye. Inzira yose irashobora kugabanwa mubice bitatu.
Icyiciro cya mbere nicyiciro cya politiki yinkunga yibiciro kuva 1933 kugeza 1995, ni ukuvuga ko inkunga zubuhinzi zifitanye isano n’ibiciro by’isoko.
Icyiciro cya kabiri nicyiciro cya politiki yingoboka yinjiza kuva 1996 kugeza 2001, ni ukuvuga ko inkunga yakuwe ku giciro cyisoko ryumwaka kandi igashyirwa muburyo bwinjiza abahinzi.
Icyiciro cya gatatu nicyiciro cya politiki yingoboka yinyungu nyuma ya 2002. Hariho inkunga yinjiza ninkunga yibiciro. Ibintu nyamukuru biranga ni:
A. Umubare w'inkunga wageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu mateka. Mu gihe cya 2002-2007, impuzandengo y’ingengo y’imari y’ubuhinzi yakoreshejwe buri mwaka yari hafi miliyari 19 z’amadolari y’Amerika agera kuri miliyari 21 z’amadolari y’Amerika, yiyongereyeho miliyari 5.7 US $ agera kuri miliyari 7.7 ugereranije n’imyaka yashize. Bose hamwe mu myaka 6 bageze kuri miliyari 118.5 US $. Kugera kuri miliyari 190 z'amadolari y'Amerika.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-23-2021